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Quantitative Demand Analysis - Coggle Diagram
Quantitative Demand Analysis
Elasticity弹性
定义
a measure of the responsiveness of one variable to changes in another variable;
the percentage change in one variable that arises due to a given percentage change in another variable
E(G,S) = %ΔG/%ΔS
%ΔG = ΔG/G
计算
the functional relationship G = f(S)
E(G,S) = (dG/dS)*S/G
Own Price Elasticity of Demand自身价格弹性
Factors Affecting the own Price Elasticity
Time
时间越长,需求弹性越大。消费者有更多时间调整行为或寻找替代品。
油价涨跌
短期 vs 长期油价上涨:
短期:消费者无法立刻换电动车或改变通勤方式,汽油需求缺乏弹性。
长期:可购买电动车、拼车或使用公共交通,需求弹性显著提高。
Expenditure Share
商品占消费者预算的比例越大,需求弹性越高
盐 vs 汽车:盐价翻倍对生活影响小(弹性低),但汽车涨价10%可能大幅减少购买(弹性高)
Available Substitutes
商品的可替代性越强(替代品越多),需求弹性越大
牛肉 vs 肉类整体:牛肉有鸡肉、猪肉等替代品,需求弹性较高;而“肉类”作为一个大类,替代品较少(总不能不吃肉),需求更缺乏弹性
A measure of the responsiveness of the quantity demanded of a good to a change in the price of that good
the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in the price of the good
需求的价格弹性表示 价格变动 1% 时,需求量变化的百分比。
它反映了消费者对价格变化的敏感程度
the absolute value
greater than 1
elastic demand弹性需求
less than 1
inelastic demand无弹性需求
equal to 1
unitary elastic demand单一弹性需求
Cross-Price Elasticity交叉价格弹性
A measure of the responsiveness of the demand for a good to changes in the price of a related good;
the percentage change in the quantity demanded of one good divided by the percentage change in the price of a related good.
衡量一种商品的需求量如何随另一种商品价格的变化而变化。
弹性值的意义
E > 0:替代品,竞争关系
Netflix 和 Hulu
价格上涨使消费者转向另一商品。
E < 0:互补品,协同消费
咖啡机和咖啡豆
价格上涨减少两种商品的需求。
E = 0:两者无关,价格变动不会影响需求
两者无关,价格变化不会影响需求。
Income Elasticity收入弹性
A measure of the responsiveness of the demand for a good to changes in consumer income; the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in income.
衡量消费者需求对收入变化的响应程度
弹性值
E > 0:正常商品(Normal Good),收入增长会增加需求
E > 1:奢侈品(Luxury Good),收入增长时需求增加更快
E < 0:低档商品(Inferior Good),收入增长会减少需求
Other Elasticity
广告弹性
广告支出变化对商品需求的影响
交叉广告弹性
衡量商品 X 的需求如何受商品 Y 广告的影响
Obtaining Ealsticities from demand fuctions
如何从需求函数推导弹性系数
线性需求函数的弹性计算方法
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非线性需求函数的弹性计算
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