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Education, habitus refers to the deeply ingrained habits, skills, and…

- - - - Zaretsky views education as a system that perpetuates inequality and reinforces capitalist structures. He argues that education, like the family, socializes children into accepting hierarchy and the idea that inequality is inevitable. This is done through various means, including enforcing rules and teaching children to behave in a specific way, often through uniform
      - According to Marx and Engels, education cannot be spoken of without referring to the socioeconomic realities and the class struggle that characterizes and sustains it. Thus, education loses all appearances of idealism and neutrality
      - Althusser viewed education as a key tool in maintaining and reproducing social inequalities, particularly those based on class. He argued that education, through both the formal curriculum and the "hidden curriculum" (unspoken norms and values), prepares working-class students for a life of exploitation. Althusser categorized education as an "ideological state apparatus," meaning it spreads dominant bourgeois ideology and keeps the proletariat in a state of false class consciousness
  - - - Ansley - Women are takers of shit
      - Angela McRobbie – studied girls’ magazines. In the 70s they emphasised the importance of getting married, but now they contain images of assertive, independent women
      - Sue Sharpe
        
        Sue Sharpe 1994 – interviewed girls in the 1970s and the 90s and showed a major shift in the way girls see their future
        
        70s – low aspirations, educational success is unfeminine, priorities given to love, marriage, husbands, children, jobs, careers.
        
        90s – careers and being able to support themselves now at the top priority, girls saw their future as an independent woman with a career.
      - Sue Lees
        
        Sue Lees (1993) – identifies a double standard of sexual morality – boys boast about sexual exploits, girls called a ‘slag’ if they don’t have a long-term relationship.
        
        Sexual conquest is given status by male peers and ignored by male teachers but promiscuity among girls attracts negative labels.
        
        Feminists see this as double standards – example of patriarchal ideology, justifies male power – form of social control, reinforces gender inequality.
  - - - Durkheim - views schools as ‘secondary agents’ of socialisation. Each generation transmits shared cultures and values. This is done through both the hidden and academic curriculum. This is known as social reproduction and ensures value census and social order.
        Believed that education functions to bring about social integration and solidarity. He suggested that subjects such as History, languages and Religious Education link children to society, past and present, giving them a sense of belonging.
      - Talcott Parsons - Argued that the main function of education was to act as a social bridge between the family, (which loves its members regardless of ability), and wider society, in which people are judged purely on merit.
        He viewed the classroom as a microcosm of society where children are exposed to different cultures and thus learn tolerance and the ability to to integrate into society.
- - - - Cultural deprivation
      - Financial support
      - Diet and health
      - Housing
      - Material deprivation - Douglas argued that material factors such as househoold economic resources and the quality of the living environment directly shape the level of support and cognitive stimulation children recieve at home
      - Working class subcultures
        Sugarman's Social Class Subcultures - working-class subculture values (fatalism, immediate gratification, collectivism and present-time orientation) can shape lower academic aspirations and achievement. Whereas middle-class families values line up with the education system (optimism, deferred gratification, individualism and future-orientation) which leads to higher levels of achievement
      - Parents’ education - if they have lower levels of education they may encourage their children less in education, or have lower paying jobs and being WC, leading to a negative association of the child's intelligence and expectations in school
      - Language - english as a second language can make it harder to understand the different social classes and the different vocabularies used by different classes, leading to those students being associated with lower classes or intelligence
- - - - Cultural deprivation can affect ethnicity in education by limiting access to language skills, values, or norms that align with the school system, potentially leading to lower achievement among some ethnic minority groups.
      - Pilkington (2003) highlighted the importance of cultural factors in explaining differences in educational achievement among ethnic groups. He found that Indian and Chinese students tend to achieve higher results due to strong parental support, high aspirations, and structured home environments that prioritise education.
    - - Material deprivation can affect ethnicity in education by limiting access to resources like books, technology, and tutoring, which can lead to lower academic achievement among ethnic minority students from low-income backgrounds.
      - The Office for National Statistics (ONS) data highlights that ethnic minority groups are more likely to experience poverty and economic disadvantage, which negatively affects educational outcomes.
      - Lupton (2004): Schools in poorer areas, often attended by Pakistani and Bangladeshi students, face greater challenges such as lack of funding, teacher shortages, and higher rates of disciplinary issues, negatively affecting achievement.
- - - - Each of these external factors can be linked to education as it can directly effect a students academic experience as they can be judged and marked taking into account the stereotypes linked to their characteristics. Furthermore it can also lead them to take certain subjects often linked to their sex and can therefore lock them out of certain fields