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Road to Democracy: Thematic - Coggle Diagram
Road to Democracy: Thematic
Violence
ANC & IFP
26 March 1990
: Sebokeng Massacre
17 June 1992
Violence in IFP stronghold called 'the Vaal Triangle'. Massacre in township of Boipatong derails CODESA II. Third Force is blamed by ANC.
28 March 1994
IFP march on ANC Shell House headquaters. ANC security assume an insurrection and attack the crowd.
AWB
25 July 1993
AWB storms World Trade Centre in an effort to stall negotiations. Unsuccessful.
11 March 1994
: Mangope declare Bophuthswana independent against popular demand. AWB invited to stop protesting. AWB attacks indiscriminately. 3 AWB members executed on live TV
APLA
25 July 1993
APLA attacks predominantly white congregation at St James' Church in Cape Town. Unsuccessful attempt to stall negotiation.
8 October 1993
: SADF raid mostly empty APLA warehouse. 5 children killed in cross fire.
31 December 1994
APLA attacks predominantly white Heidelberg Tavern
CP
10 April 1993
Chris Hani is assassinated by associate of the CP. NM calls for calm rather than retribution
ANC & SADF
7 September 1992
ANC march on the Ciskei to unseat Gqozo as he claimed it an independent area. March lead by Ramaphosa, Hani, Gwala. Ciskei defence force attacks marchers. NP then intervene.
Negotiation
May 1992
CODESA II - negotiation breaks down over regional governance, power sharing and majority rule.
1 April 1993
Multi-Party Negotiating Forum commences.
Compromise
2 Feb 1990
: Fw De Klerk opens Parliament; declares - 1) Liberation Movements Unbanned 2) Release of Political Prisoners except those with heinous accusations) 3) Unconditional Release of Nelson Mandela
6 August 1990
: Pretoria Minute: 'more talks about talks'. Deliberation around Formal Talks continue. ANC suspend armed struggle against ANC. NP lift State of Emergency
Compromise
26 September 1992
Sunset Clause proposed by Joe Slovo which breaks deadlock from CODESA II. GNU for first 5 years, majority rule afterwards.
8 April 1994
Emergency Summit between ANC, NP & IFP to negotiate IFP involvement in elections. ANC & NP make compromises to ensure IFP join the election
4 March 1994
Freedom Front (Afrikaner Party) agrees to partake in 1994 election
27 April 1994
GNU is formed with Mandela as president, deputised by Mbeki & De Klerk
Commitment
4 May 1990
: Groote Schuur Minute: 'talks about talks' - deliberation around organising Formal Talks. ANC & NP
commit
to ending violence.
20 December 1991
Declaration of Intent is signed at CODESA I.
17 March 1992
Whites only Referendum. NP commit white South Africans to negotiations through an overwhelming victory at the polls
26 September 1992
Record of Understanding between NP & ANC. Sides
commit
to negotiation process in the form of MPNF after stalemate is broken
18 November 1993
MPNF confirms interim constitution & sets election date for 27 April 1994
27 April 1994
South Africa has its first ever, fully democratic elections. ANC win, Mandela as president deputised by Mbeki & De Klerk.