Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Road To Democracy: Essay Question - Coggle Diagram
Road To Democracy: Essay Question
Introduction
1) Respond to the Question;
2) Contextualize (Who/when/where/what);
3) Outline our argument
Background:
1989: PW Botha steps down as leader of NP
Botha is replaced by FW De Klerk
2 Feb 1990
: FW de Klerk opens parliament by:
1) Unban Liberation Movements;
2) Releases Political Prisoners (except those with heinous accusations);
3) Unconditionally releases Nelson Mandela (NM)
11 Feb 1990
: NM is released from Victor Vester Prison and makes a public appearance outside the House of Parliament
'Talks about Talks'
4 May 1990
Groote Schuur Minute. Deliberation around organising Formal Talks & negotiations between NP & ANC. Commit to stopping violence (eg Sebokeng)
26 March 1990
: Sebokeng Massacre.
Violent
clash between ANC & IFP supporters.
6 August 1990
: Pretoria Minute. More deliberation around formal talks & negotiation.
Compromise
between ANC & NP. ANC suspends Armed Struggle against NP Government. NP ends State of Emergency.
CODESA 1
20 December 1991
: CODESA 1 - Sign the declaration of Intent (
Commitment
). How to proceed with Negotiation.
Principles of New Constitution
Interim Government
Homelands
Timeline for Change
Whites Only Referendum
17 March 1992
: Whites only referendum. 68% of white South Africans vote in favour of committing to negotiations with liberation forces
CODESA II
May 1992
: CODESA II is a failure. This is due to the major disagreements such as:
Regional Governance
Power Sharing
Majority Rule
ANC walk away from negotiations due to Massacre in Boipatong. Violence between ANC & IFP - claimed to be incited by NP backed 'Third Force'.
Fall of Gqozo
7 September 1992
: Militant leader of Ciskei threatens to remain independent & not take part in 'democratic South Africa'.
ANC, lead by Hani, Ramaphosa & Giwala, march on the Ciskei in protest. March is attacked by Ciskei defense force. NP intervenes.
Record of Understanding
26 September 1992
: Meyer (NP) & Ramaphosa (ANC) meet to reignite negotiation.
Stalemate from CODESA II is broken by Joe Slovos 'Sunset Clause'
Sunset Clauses states: First 5 years of GNU, next 5 years = majority rule
Formation of MPNF - Formal negotiations that replace CODESA
Assassination of Chris Hani
10 April 1993
: Leader of SACP, MK general & friend of NM is assassinated by associate of the Conservative Party. Despite the outcry for retribution, NM calls for calm & is committed to Negotiation.
AWB raids Trade Centre
25 July 1993
: In an effort to stall the negotiations at the Trade Centre, the AWB raid.
93-94 Massacres
July 1993
St James Massacre. APLA attack St James church in an effort to derail negotations.
8 October 1993
: SADF raid APLA warehouse, which is found mostly empty. 5 school children are caught in the crossfire
31 December 1993
: Heidelberg Massacre. APLA attack a Tavern in an effort to try and derail negotiations.
11 March 1994
: Bophuthswana massacre. Mangope tries to stay independent against popular demand. AWB intervenes and violence breaksout. 3 AWB members executed on live TV. Mangope fleas.
28 March 1994
: Shell House Masscre. ANC headquaters (Shell House) is marched on by IFP supporters. ANC security attacks marchers - escalating conflict between IFP & ANC
Emergency Summit
8 April 1994
: The ANC, NP & IFP meet to discuss IFP inclusion in 1994 elections. IFP partake if: - Kwa-Zulu included in name, - Zweletini remains Zulu King