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ETHIOPIA VS EGYPT- climate and agriculture (P+E) - Coggle Diagram
ETHIOPIA VS EGYPT- climate and agriculture (P+E)
ETHIOPIA
Tropical monsoon climate. East Africa, between the tropic of cancer and equator, land locked.
coffee production- accounts for 1/3 of its total export income, 60% of its foreign exchange income, 96% from small-holding farms.
Labour intensive, lacking machinery (large employment sector)
4-5 years planting --> producing (long lag time)
picked every 10-14 days (4 month season)
water intensive process- could be a problem in the future with climate change (rainfall changes and less reliablity)
cash crop- produced to be sold
Climate is crucial for the countries coffee production and agricultural processes it relies on for income
Temperature: ideal average e(25-27), influences quality and flavour of the beans, pest and disease resistance. High altitude advantage- temp and climate change (unreliable)
Precipitation: most important factor, distribution of rainfall varies across ethipia (season, latitude). Higehr RF- western side of the Rift valley (main coffee zone)- (1500-2100mm). Water intensive process- using local river etc
Humidity: dry season= 55-80%, wet season= 90%+. moisture regulation during dry periods- flowering an pollination stages requires delicate watering. drying process requires drying process (prevents mould). soil moisture retention- impact of climate change
Problems faced
Temperature: from the 20th century to now, temp change of 1.3-1.8 degrees. this has impacted agriculture and food security (eg more frequent heatwaves). And additional rise expected
Rainy seasons: length has changed, eg some areas experiencing shorter rainy periods, and rain seasons have become more erratic (eg fluctuations in timing/intensity)- some regions are facing prolonged dry spells, resulting in drought conditions
Impacts on coffee production: fluctuating/increasing temperatures can affect growing seasons and therefore the quality and taste of the coffee beans (eg lower yields). Increase in pest population and farmers have limited resources to cope with this
Drought increased- 30-405 since 1980's, population increased- 75 million since 1990
strategies to adapt to climate change
WATER STORAGE: tackling drought and irregular water patterns, helping farmers and crops- water conservation facilities will be constructed to harvest rainwater at the foot of the mountain where water usually runs (runoff). It will be collected, stored and used for watering crops during the dry season- reduces flooding and land degradation also
R4 Rural resilience initiative: responds to the challenges faced by food-insecure communities enduring increasingly frequent and intense climate disasters and other events- the project encourages farmers to save money to provide more stability in difficult time and improving access to loans so that they can invest in their work. Ensures famers have insurance
Improving land quality: land degradation and soli fertility, more profit off land and happier farmers- afforestation, develop 50 hectares which they will use to harvest rainwater, trap sediment (silt), which improves soil fertility. Tress and grasses planted to restore vegetation cover. community can generate income from seedlings (sales)
Groundwater abstraction and irrigation: times of less frequent rainfall (dry seasons), increasingly unpredictable with climate change- African groundwater reservoirs can hold up to 100x more water than the surface (available). The Raya valley could be sued, highlands of North Ethiopia. Poor management of resource development and lack of finance (eg not replaced, maintained or repaired)
EGYPT
Hot desert environment, north-eastern Africa, bordered N by med sea and E by Red sea. Great desert belt of north Africa. Hot and almost rainless climate, majority barren and desolate desert
Population: 95% of Egypt's 102.3 million people live on banks and delta Nile. Sahara desert is sparsely inhabited, 5% of the country where most people live (on of most populous countries in Africa)
AGRICULTURE
Importance: Nile provides 3% fertile land, cropped 2-3 times per year (very productive), contributes to 13% GDP and 30% of employment, reduces poverty
Agricultural systems: 40,000km of criss-crossing irrigation, cultivates more than 800 new cultivars and hybrids that withstand increased temperatures and increased soil salinity
Potential problems: groundwater extraction- expensive and difficult (taxes increase, more poverty despite employment rising), not growing enough to keep up with population growth/demand