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Module 6 Genetic Change, 2. Biotechnology, Types of mutations, Gene pool…
Module 6 Genetic Change
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1. Mutations
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Somatic
occur in somatic cells, often due to replication errors prior to mitosis
Germline
(sometimes called gametic mutations) occur in the sexual reproductive cells that give rise to gametes (germline cells) and these mutations are passed to offspring.
A random permanent change in the DNA base sequence that occurs during DNA replication before cell division.
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2. Biotechnology
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BioTechnology
Past Biotechnology
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Cross-bred varieties of organisms resulting in stronger healthier offspring (hybrid vigour)e.g Horse mother and donkey father results in a mule. The advantage is mules are great for travelling and carrying products but are infertile.
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Use of plants to heal wounds and sick individuals e.g Willow bark contains saliain to treat inflammation and pain relief
Present Biotechnology
DNA Splicing: Restriction enzyme discovery in bacteria that can cut off certain segments of DNA. Scientists use them like molecular scissors to snip DNA at specific base sequences
DNA amplification: Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is the process of essentially copying segments of DNA where DNA polymerase enzymes replicate DNA fragments many times before being inserted into a new genome. (Recall DNA polymerase builds the new synthesised strand in DNA replication using free nucleotides.
Recombinant DNA: Pasting certain genes into DNA. DNA ligase enzyme is used to join pieces of DNA together forming bonds in the sugar phosphate backbone
Agarose Gel Electrophoresis: The ability to separate DNA into bands based on STR’s for DNA profiling and sequencing
Antibiotics/Antivirals (discussed more in mod 7): They are pharmaceuticals that enable recovery to infections caused by bacteria or viruses.
IVF: Fertilisation to create a zygote for infertile and homosexual couples. Embryos are developed outside the body and inserted into a surrogate mother
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Future Biotechnology
Transgenesis: Introducing foreign genes into another organism of another species. E.g Jellyfish glow genes inserted in Mice
CRISPR: a new technology which involves an editing enzyme that can alter single nucleotides with great precision and accuracy
Health biotechnology: This will be covered more in mod 8 but examples include bionic eye or eyeborgs, artificial heart valves and organ transplant. They are technologies that improve human health
Synthetic biology: Using computer technology to create genomes that can function in a living cell. E.g Mycoplasma mycoides was digitally engineered and when inoculated into a bacterium DNA, studies show the bacteria creating proteins instructed by the synthetic DNA and created a colony of bacteria. The cell is nicknamed Syntheia
Types of mutations
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Chromosomal
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Translocation - A section of DNA is removed from one chromosome and added to a non-homologous chromosome
Aneuploidy - change in the chromosome number -> occurs when one or more extra copies of an entire chromosome are made, or an entire chromosome is missing
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Inversion - A section of DNA is removed, inverted 180 degrees, then reinserted
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Gene pool (total collection) can be altered through selective breeding, hybridization, artificial pollination and insemination.
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