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BREAST CANCER - Coggle Diagram
BREAST CANCER
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Clinical Features
Skin changes: dimpling, redness, peau d'orange.
Nipple changes: inversion, discharge (possibly bloody).
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Advanced cases: weight loss, bone pain, fatigue.
Pathophysiology
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Genetic mutations in oncogenes (e.g., HER2) or tumor suppressor genes (e.g., BRCA1/2, p53).
Metastasis can occur via lymphatic system (axillary nodes) or blood (bones, lungs, liver, brain).
Investigations
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Staging work-up
CT chest/abdomen, bone scan, PET-CT (in advanced disease).
Treatment
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Systemic therapy
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Hormonal therapy (e.g., tamoxifen, aromatase inhibitors for ER+).
Targeted therapy (e.g., trastuzumab for HER2+).
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Immunotherapy (emerging, especially in triple-negative disease).
Prevention
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Lifestyle modification: healthy diet, exercise, limit alcohol.
Examination
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Palpable mass: hard, irregular, non-mobile.
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Risk Factors
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Hormonal factors: Early menarche, late menopause, Hormone replacement therapy, oral contraceptive use, Nulliparity or late first pregnancy.
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Genetic predisposition: BRCA1/2 mutations, family history.
Gender (female), age (risk increases with age).
Lifestyle: obesity, alcohol, lack of physical activity.