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Evolution - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Causes: change in sea level, asteroid, continent change shape, volcano, anything that changes the environment a lot
        
        There is a positive to this as it prompts replacement for the niches
    - - Causes: biotic (losing evolutionary arms race (red queen hypothesis), outcompeted), physical (climate change), unable to adapt possibly due to development or fast environmental changes
- - - - Pavlov's dogs: The food was an unconditioned stimulus that resulted in increased saliva production (unconditioned response), a bell (neutral stimulus) was rang alone and there was no response, then it was rang as food was presented resulting in an unconditioned response (saliva production), the bell was rang alone (conditioned stimulus) and the dogs produced extra saliva (conditioned response)
- - - - Parietal lobe has somatosensory cortex (sense of touch) and sensory association cortex (integration of sensory info)
      - Occipital lobe has visual association cortex (combines images and object recognition) and visual cortex (processing visual stimuli and pattern recognition)
      - Frontal lobe has prefrontal cortex (for decision making and planning), motor cortex (control of skeletal muscles) and Broca's area (forming speech)
      - Temporal lobe has auditory cortex (hearing) and Wernicke's area (comprehending language)
      - Cerebellum - controls balance and direction of movement
    - - Single gene control
      - Transgenic experiments (altering genes)
      - Innate behaviour (migration)
      - Artificial selection
  - - - Age and size at maturity
      - Number and size of offspring
      - Sex
      - Life-span
      - Mate choice
      - Parental care
      - Foraging
      - Competition
    - - The extended phenotype (the idea that the phenotype/ gene impacts the environment)
      - Life-history (life stages and ancestors)
      - Behaviour (actions and mannerisms) instinctive or learned responses to internal and external stimuli
      - Morphology (form and structure)
      - Physiology (functions and mechanisms)
- - - - Bubble hypothesis - Waves make bubbles, the phospholipid bubbles last longer forming a membrane that encloses the nucleotides exposing them to UV so polymers are protected and better at replicating in bubbles
      - Clay hypothesis - Clay is made of silicate crystals in solution, the crystals replicate, organic monomers are attracted to the crystals making them under selection pressure, the replication of organic molecules is an exaptation (change in function of a trait) so they became self replicating
      - Extra-terrestrial hypothesis:
        
        Comets encrusted with tar hit the Earth introducing organic polymers to Earth (exogenesis - the idea life originated elsewhere)
        
        Parts of Mars got hit by asteroids and hit Earth introducing complex organic polymers it had as it cooled quicker than Earth