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(Modern Age Philosophy) - Coggle Diagram
Modern Age Philosophy
Empiricism vs. Rationalism
Question: How do we acquire knowledge?
Rationalism: Knowledge arises from reason.
Empiricism: Knowledge comes from sensory experience.
Rationalism
René Descartes (1596–1650)
"Cogito, ergo sum" – I think, therefore I am
Method of doubt
Innate ideas
Mind-body dualism
Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677)
Rationalist monism
God/Nature = one substance
Geometric method of reasoning
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716)
Monadology
Pre-established harmony
Truths of reason vs. truths of fact
Empiricism
John Locke (1632–1704)
Tabula rasa – mind as blank slate
Ideas from sensation and reflection
Primary vs. secondary qualities
George Berkeley (1685–1753)
Idealism: no material substance
"To be is to be perceived" (Esse est percipi)
Immaterialism
David Hume (1711–1776)
Empirical skepticism
Critique of causality – habit, not logic
Problem of induction
Kant’s Synthesis
Immanuel Kant (1724–1804)
Bridged rationalism and empiricism
Synthetic a priori knowledge
Phenomena vs. noumena
"Copernican revolution" in epistemology