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Key Topic 1: Monarchy and government, 1509-88 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Composition of parliament
        
        The King
        
        Summons parliament
        
        Dismisses parliament
        
        Approves laws (or not)
        
        The House of Lords
        
        Most important
        
        Socially more exclusive
        
        Advises the king
        
        Made up of Lords Temporal and Lord Spiritual
        
        Nobility
        
        Bishops
        
        Meets in the Palace of Westminister
        
        Around 100 MPs in the House of Lords
        
        The House of Commons
        
        Increasing in importance
        
        Communicates through the 'Speaker'
        
        Made up of MPs
        
        Knights of the Shire
        
        Burgesses
        
        Around 300 MPs in the House of Commons
      - Tasks of parliament
        
        Raise taxes
        
        Subsidies
        
        Pass important laws
        
        Discuss matters
        
        Enable the king to consult his realm
        
        Religious legislation (after 1530s parliament)
    - - Power of parliament
        
        Raise taxes
        
        Pass important laws
      - Organisation
        
        Two chambers
        
        Unelected House of Lords
        
        House of Commons, filled with elected MPs
        
        2 MPs elected to represent each country in England
        
        To pass an act of parliament, a bill had to be heard by both chambers before being given royal assent by the monarch
      - Henry VIII's parliaments before 1529
        
        Infrequent meets
        
        Main role was to grant taxation and fund the King's wars
      - Hunne affair
        
        Rich London merchant accused of heresy had been found dead while in his Bishop of London's prison
        
        Church claimed it was suicide
        
        Murder suspected
        
        Re-emeerged the anticlerical feeling in the 1515 parliament
  - - - Was originally 40 men
        
        Wolsey was planning to reduce thus to 20
        
        Eltham Ordinances
        
        This didn't go ahead
        
        A similar one known as the Privy council emerged by 1537
        
        This was originally as an unplanned response to the political crises of 1536
        
        Henry was faced wing serious rebellion and needed advice from a smaller trusted council
    - - Financial policy was driven by desire to go to war
        
        Wolsey and Cromwell were responsible for funding these ambitions of war
        
        Wolsey attempted new methods
        
        A subsidy
        
        A parliamentary taxation based off an assessment of an individual's wealth 1513
        
        Raised £322,099 between 1513-1523
        
        Fifteenths and Tenths
        
        Raised £117,936
        
        Amicable Grant 1525
        
        A forced loan from taxpayers
        
        Resulted in rebellion
        
        Cromwell tried to save these problems
        
        Acquisition of former monasteries lands for the Crown
        
        Raised a peak of £126,296 in 1541
        
        Didn't last
        
        Created 4 financial courts
        
        To handle increased flow of money to the Crown
    - - Introduced Star Chamber
        
        Anyone of wealth/status could bring a case to be fairly tried
        
        Cases per year rose from 12 to 120
        
        Wolsey used it to prosecute over-powerful nobility
      - 1536: Cromwell's Act of Parliament abolished franchises
      - 1536: Parliament passed an act which brought Wales into line with the English judicial system
- - - - Background
        
        Son of an Ipswich butcher
        
        'Low birth'
      - Early career under Henry VIII
        
        1509 appointed royal almoner
        
        Became member of the King's Council
        
        Proved himself a capable administrator
      - 1514-1529
        
        Henry's chief minister
        
        Many roles
        
        Archbishop of York
        
        Cardinal
        
        Lord Chancellor
        
        Papal legate
      - Wolsey's maintenance of political power 1514-1529
        
        Wolsey gains the trust of the King
        
        Henry makes final decisions
        
        Wolsey was not an alter rex
        
        Wolsey served Henry loyally and effectively
        
        Wolsey's political skill
        
        Able and ambitious
        
        Organised the French war
        
        Worked very hard
        
        Rewarded with offices and titles
        
        Wolsey's wealth
        
        Hampton Court
        
        10x richer than his nearest political rival
        
        Nobility respected his power
        
        Wolsey's ruthlessness
        
        HIs jealousy guarded his own power and he tried to limit access to the King
        
        Rumoured to have rivals executed or sent abroad
        
        Did consult nobles and decide policy with Henry
        
        He recognised people's use and only had threats executed
      - From 1525
        
        Relationship with Henry began to unravel
        
        Failed to secure Henry's annulment from Catherine of Aragon
        
        1529: accused of praemunire (favouring pope over king)
        
        Died on his way to trial in 1530
- - - - Young Henry's personality
        
        Vigorous young man with new ideas
        
        Clever
        
        Athletic
        
        Interested in music and languages
      - Negative characteristics
        
        Egotistical
        
        Aggressive
        
        Paranoid
        
        Hypochondriac
        
        Cruel
      - Role of the monarchy
        
        The power of the monarchy
        
        Kings ruled by the 'grace of god'
        
        Primogeniture
        
        In 1509, a monarch was expected to be adult, male strong, able to lead armies in battle, intelligent, and involved.
        
        The monarch's duties and tasks
        
        Declare war
        
        Secure alliances
        
        Marry and produce heirs
        
        Administer finances and coinage
        
        Patronage
        
        Head of Church (after break with Rome)
        
        Preside over and call the Council and Parliament
        
        Maintain law and order
      - Upbringing
        
        Raised by mostly women
        
        Younger brother - never anticipated to be king
        
        High education
        
        Life was restricted after moving to Richmond, following the deaths of his bother (1502) and mother (1505).
      - Positive characteristics
        
        Physically strong and fit
        
        Well educated
        
        Captivating
        
        Good charm
      - Attitudes to kingship
        
        Went to great lengths to maintain the Tudor line of succession
        
        Responsibility of defending England against attack
        
        Wanted more to be a 'warrior-king'
        
        Rejected his father's defensive foreign policy in favour of a more traditional interventionist policy
        
        Wanted to be an 'imperial king'
      - Personal and political qualities
        
        Well educated
        
        Forceful and sometimes cruel
        
        Disliked writing state papers and left this job to his ministers
        
        Influenced by Renaissance ideas of honour
        
        Enjoyed military sports, such as jousting
        
        Charismatic to those in his favour
    - - Child king
        
        Previous child monarch, Edward V, was murdered
      - Upbringing and education
        
        Raised in his very early life by mostly women with very traditional relationship with his father
        
        Hardly ever alone for his protection
        
        Formal education began 1543 until 1552
        
        Taught by humanists
        
        Devoted to his studies, spending hours a day reading Roman and Greek classics, languages, geography, etc
      - Personal and political qualities
        
        Self-disciplined
        
        Distrustful and could be vindictive
        
        Often cold towards others
        
        Strict and elect
    - - Personal and political qualities
        
        Intelligent and well educated
        
        Pious
        
        Loyal to RCC
        
        Stubborn
        
        Anxiety and depression
        
        Disliked Edward and Elizabeth
        
        Struggled to take criticism
      - Mary's aims as queen
        
        Convince the old Pricy Council of her right to be queen
        
        Restore the Catholic religion
        
        Marry
        
        Have children
        
        Choose Privy Councillors
        
        decide how to deal with Northumberland and his supporters
        
        Defend Calais and Guisnes
        
        Look after her health
        
        Improve her security
        
        Restore her legitimacy
      - Was the reign of Mary a failure?
        
        Positive
        
        Popular on accession
        
        unpopularity exaggerated by Protestant propagandists
        
        Partly successful in restoring Catholicism
        
        Opposition fairly limited
        
        Defenses, milita, and navy improved
        
        Tudor dynasty continues
        
        Stability
        
        Important financial reforms enacted and revenue increased
        
        Government well run
        
        Parliament cooperates
        
        Negative
        
        Does not fulfil key aims
        
        No Catholic heir
        
        Unpopular on death
        
        Spanish marriage unpopular and unproductive
        
        Wyatt's rebellion 1554
        
        Opposition to religious persecution
        
        Cannot restore monastic lands
        
        Dragged into war with France in 1557
        
        Calais is lost
        
        Discontent with social and economic conditions
        
        Some divisions in government
    - - Background, character, and personal and political qualities
        
        Strengths
        
        Educated
        
        Clever
        
        Quick-witted
        
        Favoured compromise and moderation
        
        Cautious
        
        Weaknesses
        
        Unmarried
        
        Woman
        
        Indecisiveness
        
        Fearsome temper
        
        Seen by many as illigitimate
  - - - Concerns over his age
      - No opposition
      - Monarchy was mosty supported and popular attitudes were widely positive
    - - Successful rebellion in favour of Mary following the succession crisis of 1553
      - Mostly liked by the English people at the srart of her reign
      - Many did not care she had been made illegitimate
    - - Supported by most
      - Seen by some as illigitimate
      - Propaganda
        
        Making her accession a day of national celebration
        
        Increasing her visibiity
  - - - Henry in ill health and aging - it becomes apparent Edward will succeed his father as a child
      - Act of Succession 1544: Edward > Mary > Elizabeth > Frances Grey
      - Henry no longe able to control factions leading to instability and threat to the succession
      - In December 1546, Henry is persuaded to alter his will to state that a council of 16 men would rule the country on behalf of his son
      - In January, as Henry lay dying, political manoeuvrings took place to alter Henry's will
    - - Edward dies July 6th 1553, wishing to maintain Protestantis. Therefore he nominated 'Lady Jane Grey's heirs male' in his Devise
      - Jane marries Northumberland's son in May 1553 and in June the Devise is altered - there would be no time for Grey to produce heirs and so it changes to 'LJG and male hiers'. But Edward is still a minor and so cannot make a will or alter parliamentary statue and legitimate claim in Mary's. On the 21st June 1553, anyone of sport was forced to sign the will and swear the Devise in front of the dying King, but Edward dies before Parliament could confirm the Devise. Therefore, henry's Third Succession Act was still valid, naming Mary next in line.
      - How serious were these events and why does Northumberland fail?
        
        Tudor dynasty comes close to being toppled
        
        Mary stands firm and recieces much support
        
        Northumberland's political and military skills seem to have been frozen
        
        Northumberland cannot rely on the Privy Council
        
        Northumberland is arrested and Mary enters London to cheering crowds
  - - - Attitudes to women in the 16th.c.
        
        Women inferior to men
        
        Women had been created from man (Eve from Adam's rib)
        
        Eve was responsible for man's fall (Eve eats the apple first)
      - Differences between kings and queens in the age of personal monarchy
        
        King - to rule his country, dispense justice, and defend the realm by leading armies into battle. Queen consort - to serve her husband and provide a son/heir.
      - Mary's marriage
        
        Edward Courtenay OR Philip of Spain
        
        The Spanish marriage
        
        Benefits of the Spanish marriage
        
        Ally
        
        Mary is half-Spanish
        
        Love
        
        Philip a proven breeder
        
        The marriage treaty meant that Spain's influence was limited - if Mary died, Philip would not inherit England
        
        Philip would help to modernise the English navy
        
        Number of available ships increased from 3 in 1553 to 21 in 1557
        
        Even Elizabeth benefited from this
        
        Philip the head of the Counter-Refprmation and had links with the papacy
        
        Philip developed good relationships with a number of councillors
        
        Drawbacks of the Spanish marriage
        
        Philip not enthusiastic
        
        Philip hated England
        
        No child was born - no Catholic heir
        
        Anti-Spanish feeling in London - riots broke out eg. Wyatt's Rebellion 1554
        
        Council was split about the viruesof the marriage
        
        England was dragged into war with France in 1557 which led to the loss of Calais in 1558
        
        The terms of the Spanish marriage
        
        Philip would have the title of king, but he would not rule
        
        If Mary were to die, Philip would not be able to rule England
        
        Any children of the marriage would inherit the English throne
        
        Philip was not allowed to appoint foreigners to positions in the English government
        
        England would not be drawn into wars between Spain and France
    - - How did Elizabeth's views on marriage differ to Mary's?
        
        Mary was determined to marry
        
        Elizabeth seemed to have been more wary of marriage due to the problems it presents for a female ruer
        
        Elizabeth remained single
      - Potential suitors
        
        Robert Dudley (would have created tensions at court )
        
        Philip of Spain
        
        Archduke Charles of the HRE
        
        Henry, Duke of Anjou (Elizabeth was not prepared to marry and was too old to bear children)
      - How did Elizabeth use her gender to her advantage?
        
        'Virgon Queen' image
        
        Pose as desirable yet beyond reach
        
        Leader of men
        
        Control male courtiers who may have otherwise controlled her