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ANGLAIS, GRAMMAIRE - Coggle Diagram
ANGLAIS
ANGLAIS
TITCHENER : late 1800S - Structuralism : the examination of the immediate mental experience. By studying the basic elements of thoughts and sensations
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GALTON eugenist = British anthropologist, psychometrician and eugenicist known for his pioneering studies of human intelligence. Psychological abilities comes from heredity (genetics) + Twin studies (to resolve nature-nurture controversy)
BINET & SIMON (1904) Intelligence test to determine which school students would not benefit from typical school instruction
Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Erik Erickson : Psychodynamic : Focuses on the role of our unconscious thoughts, feelings, and memories and our early childhood experiences in determining behaviour
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FREUD : Interaction ID, Ego, Superego
Case study : X has receving something, lived something and as a result he developped something
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SOON & al 2008 : showed about subjectively free devision determined by brain activity ahead of time :
✅ two specific regions in the frontal and parietal cortex of the human brain had considerable information that predicted the outcome of a motor decision the subject had not yet consciously made
✅ our actions are initiated by unconscious mental processes long before we become aware of our intention to act
COGNITIVE : The study of mental processes, including
perception, thinking, memory, and judgments
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POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY : more focused on optimal functioning rather than on deficits. Father : SELIGMAN. Main goal : to build a science (empirical, replicable) of peak human functioning that enables a better understanding of positive outcomes. Central domains of intervention = positive emotions and individual traits, positive thinking, positive institutions and relationships. Increase through daily actions. Positive psychology inevitably concerns human qualities that enrich our lives, make life worth living, foster strong character and promote psychological growth but also nurture genius and talent
24 psychological strengths in 6 areas KWCHJTT : knowledge and wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance and transcendence.
SELIGMAN : these personal qualities are the guarantee of authentic happiness when they help us to realize our aims and when they are used to aid others. Caracteristics of the good life. To develop happiness : pinpointing individuals strenghts, in order to find new ways to expand then. FAMOUS FOR : 1970s for “shocking the living daylights” out of rats (if they were warned before shocked, they stayed happy. But if they can't escape they tryed unitl dying : LEARNED HELPLESSNESS ( to a psychological condition in which a person or animal learns to believe they have no control over their situation, even when opportunities to escape or improve it are available.)
The central TENETS of positive psychology include the following: (1) positive and negative aspects of functioning do not lie on a BIPOLAR CONTINUUM but instead represent unique dimensions (i.e., happiness is not the opposite of unhappiness), (2) working on strengths is more BENEFICIAL than working on WEAKNESSES , and (3) psychology needs to understand what allows people to flourish just as it aims to understand the characteristics and factors that predispose individuals to LANGUISH .
The social-cultural approach focuses on the social situation, including how cultures and social norms influence our behaviour. The study that seeks to discover systematic relationships between culture and psychological variables.
Goal of cross-cultural psychology : to search for universals and cultural variability in the way we act, think, and feel
In Lonzozou Kpanake & Etienne Mullet’s article “breaking bad news to patients” , QUESTIONNAIRE the researchers rely on subjects' responses to questionnaires. Factors manipulated : the physician’s decision; the severity of the disease, elderly patient’s wishes regarding disclosure, the elderly patient’s psychological robustness, the level of social support during hospitalization. Results : The French participants reported a stronger tendency to endorse the view that physicians should always tell the truth directly to the patients (more individualist), There was a stronger tendency among the Togolese participants (collective culture + lacks therapeutic option might undermine patients' hope) to endorse the view that physicians should inform the patient’s family first. Limits : These guidelines lack cultural-based evidence
Cluster analysis : the goal is to segment data so that differences between samples in the same cluster are minimized and differences between samples of different clusters are maximized.
SPIKES method – it provides a simple framework for delivering bad news to patients and their families. SPIKES was first proposed for work in oncology, and has since been adopted throughout Medicine. It is an acronym, and the letters have the following meanings: S = setting (appropriate place, eye contact) / P = Perception (check the perception of the patient) / I = Invitation (consent of the patient) / K = Knowledge (no jargon) / E = Empathy / S = Strategy (summarize, plan)
Cultural relativism : understand these beliefs and practices in their local context and in a non-judgmental way
Ethnocentrism : Judging another community’s practices and customs in the context of your own cultural experiences
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Prejudice, stereotype, Discrimination (PSD)
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