Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus - Coggle Diagram
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
Hypoglycaemia
Conditions
RBS 2.7 - 3.3 mmol/L
Causes
Under eating
Skipped meal
Delayed in mealtime
Overdose Insulin or OAD
Extreme activity
Symptoms
Management
Conscious
Recheck RBS in 15 minutes. Re-administer glucose if still low
Repeat until patient blood glucose stable
Administer: (any of the following items )
2 to 3 teaspoons of complex sugar or honey
6 to 10 hard candies
120 to 180mls fruit juice or regular soda
3 or 4 commercially prepared glucose tablets
15 gm fast acting sugar in 150mls water
Check RBS
Unconscious
Assess for cardiopulmonary collapse
Check RBS
Administer IV D50% bolus as per ordered
Continue with D5% or D10% infusion as per ordered
Recheck RBS every 15 minutes until stable
Perform hourly vital sign monitoring until stable
Health Education (Preventive)
Always keep some simple sugar
Strictly follow meal plan
Take medication as prescripted
Do not skip meal
Regularly monitor RBS at home
Eat a snack or take additional food while increasing physical activity
Recognize s&s of hypoglycaemia
Wear ID bracelet when going out
Hyperglycemia
Conditions
FBS > 7mmol/L
RBS
11.1 mmol/L
16 mmol/L: Need intervention
Causes
Uncontrol diet
Skip medication
Underdose Insulin or OAD
Illness/Infection
Stress
Symptoms
Management
Administer insulin as per ordered
Monitor RBS TDS/QID as per ordered
Encourage to increase fluid intake
Refer dietician for diet counselling
Check RBS
Observe for sign & symptom of DKA
Health Education (Preventive)
Take s/c Insulin or medication as ordered
Maintain diet modification as instruct
Self monitoring of RBS regularly
Seek medical advice if symptom persistent
Recognize s&s of hyperglycaemia
Early treatment to prevent complication of DKA
Diabetic Ketone Acidosis (DKA)
Symptoms
Blurred vision, weakness, headache
Nausea & vomiting
Electrolyte imbalances
Abdominal pain
Severe dehydration
Kussmaul respiration (longer expiration with increase rate and depth
High blood sugar
Can progress to cerebral oedema and coma
Laboratory Findings
Immediate Treatment and Management
Replacement of electrolytes
Administer IV insulin continuous infusion (50ϋ diluted in 50mls normal saline)
Administer IV 0.9% saline
Nursing Diagnosis
Risk for fungal infection related to inflammatory response
Risk for skin integrity related to decreased tissue perfusion
Risk for unstable glucose related to hypo/ hyperglycaemia
Risk for injury related to neurologic effect/blurred vision/poor sensation