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CRUDE OIL, HYDROCARBONS, FORMATION OF CRUDE OIL AND FOSSIL FUELS, CRACKING…
CRUDE OIL
HYDROCARBONS
HYDROCARBON CHAINS
Chains can be
short
like
methane
or
long
like
decane
Short chains
have
lower boiling points
, are
runny
, and are
more flammable
Longer chains
have
higher boiling points
, are
thick,
and are
less flammable
TYPES OF HYDROCARBON
ALKANES
These are only single bonds between
carbon atoms
Their general formula is
CnH2n+2
Methane, Ethane, Propane, Butane, Pentane, Hexane, Heptane, Octane, Nonane, Decane
Methane
is CH4,
Ethane
is
C2H6
, Propane is C3H8 (the pattern continues)
Saturated
Hydrocarbons
ALKENES
Unsaturated
Hydrocarbons
Contain at least
1 double bond
(C=C)
General formula is
CnH2n
Ethene, Propene, Butene, Pentene, Hexene, Heptene, Octene, Nonene, Decene
Ethene
is C2H4,
Propene
is C3H6,
Butene
is C4H8 etc
Hydrocarbons
are
compounds
made
only of hydrogen and carbon atoms
They are found mainly in
crude oils
and
natural gas
They are
fuels
and also used as
raw materials
in the
chemical industry
FORMATION OF CRUDE OIL AND FOSSIL FUELS
When
small plants and animals
from millions of years ago die, they sank to the
seabed
They were then buried under l
ayers of mud and sediment,
and over
millions of years
, the layers built up
This meant that the dead organisms got
compressed and heated
, and
cut off from oxygen
,so they dont
decay
These conditions turned them into
crude oil and natural gas
trapped in
underground rocks
CRACKING
Cracking
is a
chemical process
that breaks down l
ong chain hydrocarbons
into
shorter, more usefu
l ones
Thermal cracking
uses
high temperature of around 850 degrees
C, and
high pressure,
to make
alkenes and alkanes
Catalytic cracking
uses
lower temperatures
and a
catalyst
like
zeolite
to produce
petrol and alkenes
e.g
Decane
turns into
Octance
and
Ethene
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION AND FRACTIONS
Fractional distillation is the process used to
separate crude oil
into useful substances called
fractions
, based on their
boiling points.
HOW?
Crude oil
is
heated
and turned into a
gas.
It enters a
fractionating column
that is
hot at the bottom
and
cool at the top
.
Different
hydrocarbons
condense at different heights depending on their
boiling points
.
Longer hydrocarbons
(high b.p.) condense
lower dow
n.
Shorter hydrocarbons
(low b.p.) condense
higher up
.
MAIN FRACTIONS AND USES
Refinery gas
has the
lowest boiling point
, and is used for
bottled gas and heating
:fire:
Gasoline
is second lowest , and is used in
petrol for cars
:car:
Kerosene
has a
medium boiling point
and is used in
jet fuel
:airplane:
Diesel
is next , and is used in
fuel for vehicles
:truck:
Fuel oil
is
second highest
, and is used in
power stations and ships
:ship:
Bitumen
is highest, and is used for
roads and roofs
:house_buildings: