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Emmanuel Flores period 5 Digestive & Urinary System - Coggle Diagram
Emmanuel Flores
period 5
Digestive & Urinary System
Major organs of the digestive system
Mouth: Chewing and enzymatic digestion begin here (salivary amylase)
Pharynx and Esophagus: Pathway for food to the stomach
Stomach: Secretes acid and enzymes (pepsin) to digest proteins; churns food into chyme
Small Intestine: Primary site of digestion and absorption; includes duodenum, jejunum, ileum
Large Intestine: Absorbs water and electrolytes; forms feces
Rectum/Anus: Stores and eliminates feces
Accessory Organs:
Salivary Glands: Produce saliva with amylase
Liver: Produces bile to digest fats
Gallbladder: Stores and releases bile
Pancreas: Produces enzymes (lipase, amylase, trypsin) and bicarbonate
Major functions of the digestive system
Ingestion: Taking in food through the mouth
Propulsion: Swallowing and peristalsis (waves of muscular contractions moving food)
Mechanical digestion: Chewing (mouth), churning (stomach), segmentation (small intestine)
Chemical digestion: Enzyme action breaking down food into smaller molecules
Absorption: Nutrient uptake into blood and lymph in small intestine
Defecation: Elimination of indigestible substances and waste as feces
Major functions of the urinary system
Filtration: Removal of waste and excess substances from blood (in kidneys)
Excretion: Elimination of nitrogenous wastes (urea, uric acid, creatinine)
Regulation: Controls blood pressure, blood volume, pH, and electrolytes
Hormonal Function: Produces renin (BP regulation) and erythropoietin (RBC production)
Detoxification: Helps detoxify the body through urine excretion
Major organs of the urinary systems
Kidneys: Main filtering units; remove waste, regulate fluid and electrolytes
Ureters: Transport urine from kidneys to bladder
Bladder: Stores urine until excretion
Urethra: Carries urine from bladder to outside the body
Digestive enzymes (including names and functions)
Salivary Amylase: Begins starch digestion in the mouth
Pepsin: Breaks proteins into peptides in the stomach
Pancreatic Amylase: Continues carbohydrate digestion in the small intestine
Lipase: Digests fats in the small intestine
Trypsin/Chymotrypsin: Protein digestion in the small intestine
Nucleases: Digest DNA/RNA into nucleotides
Maltase, Sucrase, Lactase: Break down disaccharides into monosaccharides in small intestine
Location of digestion and absorption of each macromolecule
Carbohydrates:
Digestion starts in the mouth (salivary amylase)
Continues in small intestine with pancreatic and brush border enzymes
Absorbed in the small intestine (villi/microvilli)
Proteins:
Digested in stomach (pepsin) and small intestine (trypsin)
Absorbed in small intestine
Lipids:
Digested in small intestine (bile from liver + lipase from pancreas)
Absorbed into lacteals of lymphatic system
Nucleic Acids:
Digested in small intestine (nucleases)
Absorbed in small intestine
Layers of the GI tract (including stomach)
Mucosa: Inner layer; secretes mucus and enzymes; absorbs nutrients
Submucosa: Contains nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics
Muscularis Externa: Smooth muscle responsible for peristalsis
Serosa (Visceral Peritoneum): Outermost layer; protective
Stomach Special Feature: Includes an additional oblique muscle layer for powerful churning
Nephron anatomy and physiology
Renal Corpuscle:
Glomerulus: Capillaries where filtration occurs
Bowman's Capsule: Surrounds glomerulus; collects filtrate
Renal Tubule:
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT): Reabsorbs nutrients, ions, water
Loop of Henle: Creates a concentration gradient in medulla
Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT): Selective secretion and reabsorption
Collecting Duct: Final urine concentration; responsive to ADH
Functions of the Nephron:
Filtration: Blood plasma filtered in glomerulus
Reabsorption: Water and solutes reabsorbed into blood
Secretion: Wastes added to tubule
Excretion: Urine passed to collecting ducts → ureters
Disorders of the digestive and urinary systems
Digestive System Disorders
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
Symptoms: Heartburn, chest pain, regurgitation, trouble swallowing.
Treatments: Antacids, H2 blockers, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), lifestyle changes (avoid spicy food, eat smaller meals), surgery if severe.
Peptic Ulcers
Symptoms: Burning stomach pain, bloating, nausea, weight loss.
Treatments: Antibiotics for H. pylori, PPIs, H2 blockers, avoid NSAIDs and acidic foods.
Crohn’s Disease (a type of Inflammatory Bowel Disease)
Symptoms: Diarrhea, abdominal pain, fatigue, weight loss.
Treatments: Anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids, immune system suppressors, dietary changes, surgery if complications arise.
Ulcerative Colitis
Symptoms: Bloody diarrhea, urgency to defecate, abdominal cramping.
Treatments: Anti-inflammatory medications, immunosuppressants, biologic therapy, colectomy in severe cases.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
Symptoms: Abdominal pain, bloating, constipation and/or diarrhea.
Treatments: Diet changes (low FODMAP), antispasmodic meds, laxatives or anti-diarrheals, stress management.
Celiac Disease
Symptoms: Diarrhea, weight loss, bloating, fatigue, skin rash.
Treatments: Strict lifelong gluten-free diet, nutritional supplements if needed.
Gallstones (Cholelithiasis)
Symptoms: Sudden upper right abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, back pain.
Treatments: Surgical removal of the gallbladder (cholecystectomy), medications to dissolve stones (less common).
Symptoms: Fatigue, jaundice, easy bruising, fluid retention (ascites).
Treatments: Treat underlying cause (alcohol, hepatitis), medications to manage symptoms, liver transplant in end-stage disease.
Urinary System Disorders
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
Symptoms: Frequent urination, burning sensation, cloudy urine, pelvic pain.
Treatments: Antibiotics, increased fluid intake, proper hygiene.
Kidney Stones
Symptoms: Severe flank pain, blood in urine, nausea, vomiting.
Treatments: Pain relievers, fluids to help pass the stone, lithotripsy (shock wave), surgical removal if large.
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
Symptoms: Fatigue, swelling (edema), trouble concentrating, high blood pressure.
Treatments: Control blood pressure and diabetes, diet changes, dialysis, kidney transplant if severe.
Glomerulonephritis
Symptoms: Blood in urine, protein in urine (foamy), high blood pressure, swelling.
Treatments: Blood pressure meds, immunosuppressants, dialysis if kidneys fail.
Incontinence
Symptoms: Involuntary leakage of urine.
Treatments: Bladder training, pelvic floor exercises, medications, surgery in severe cases.
Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD)
Symptoms: High blood pressure, back/side pain, enlarged abdomen, blood in urine.
Treatments: No cure, manage symptoms (blood pressure control, pain relief), dialysis or kidney transplant if end-stage renal disease develops.
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)