Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Globalisation, Green and State crime - Coggle Diagram
Globalisation, Green and State crime
Globalisation
Global criminal economy
Castells argues as a result of globalisation there's now a global criminal economy worth over £1trillion/annum. This takes many forms:
-
Trafficking in nuclear materials, from communist countries
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Held et al suggests there's been a globalisation of crime - an increasingly interconnectedness of crime across national borders. This has brough the spread of transnational organised crime and new offences such as 'cyber crime'
Beck argues there's a global risk consciousness. Globalisation produces new insecurities and produces a new mentality of 'risk consciousness' in which risk is seen as global rather than tied to particular places. Media often fuel 'moral panic' around the supposed 'threat'. One response is intensification of social control on national level. UK has toughened its border control regulations with fines for airlines with undocumented passengers, detention centres, increased CCTV. Ex, increased movement of people as economic migrants seeking work or asylum seeking fleeing persecution, meaning countries feel anxiety about having to protect their borders.
Taylor argues globalisation led to changes in patterns and extent of crime. Free reign of market forces mean globalisation has created inequality and rising crime. Globalisation has created crime at both ends of the spectrum. Its allowed transnational corporations to switch manufacturing to low wage countries, producing job insecurity, unemployment and poverty. Deregulation has occurred with state spending on welfare declining also. Marketisation has encouraged individuals to see themselves as consumers, calculating costs and benefits, undermining social cohesion. These factors create inequality and insecurities that turn people to crime. Globalisation also creates criminal opportunities on a grand scale for elite groups.
Ex, deregulation of financial markets has created major tax
-
Hobbs and Dunningham found the way in which patterns of organised crime is linked with globalisation. It involved with contacts acting as a 'hub' around which a loose-knit network forms, composed of other individuals seeking opportunities. Crime is still rooted in its local context but has international links ex, drug trade. People still need local links to sell their drugs conclude crime works as a 'glocal' system. Locally based with global warming.
New internet media has created a moral panic and fear over cybercrime. The internet creates wider opportunities to commit both convention crimes and new crimes such as piracy. Hall identifies 4 categories of cybercrime:
Cyber trespass - hacking, sabotage
Cyber deception and theft - identity theft, piracy and illegal downloading/file sharing
-
Cyber violence - doing psychological harm or inciting physical harm through actions such as cyber stalking or bullying
Glenny and McMafia. Refers to the organisation that emerged in Russia and Eastern Europe following the fall in communism - major globalisation factor. Glenny traces the origins of traditional organised crime to the break up of soviet union after 1989 which concluded with the deregulation of global markets. Following fall of communism, Russian government deregulated most sectors of the economy except for natural resources such as oil. These commodities remained at their old soviet prices, thus anyone with funds such as former communist officials of KGB guards would try to buy up oil, gas, diamonds or metals for next to nothing selling them abroad at astronomical profit.
Green Crime
Beck and Global risk society. Globalisation has led to a growth of global risk society. Increase in productivity and technology have created new 'manufactured risks' that can harm the environment such as global warming with harmful greenhouse gases. He argues 'smog is democratic' which implies harm done in one country will affect another later on.
Ex, Pollution in one country can cause acid rain in another
White: Proper subject of green criminology is any action that harms the physical environment and/or humans, even if no law was broken. Nation states and traditional corporations adopt an:
Anthropocentric view - assumes that humans have a night to dominate nature for their own ends, putting economic growth before environment
Ecocentric view - sees humans and their environment as interconnected, so that environmental harm will hurt humans also. Ex, Bhopal
-
State Crime
-
Hillyard et al, Social harms and Zemiology. We should take a much wider view of state wrong doing. We should replace the study of crimes with 'zemiology' - the study of harms, whether or not they're against the law. This would create a single standard that can be applied to different states and prevents states just creating laws that justify their behaviours.
EV: 'Harm' definition is vague. What level of harm must occur before an act is defined as a crime? Who decides what counts as harm?
Herman and Schwendinger: We should define crime in terms of violation for human rights rather than breaking of the rules. Human rights are defined as natural rights that people have by virtue of existing ie. civil rights. If a state practices racism or sexism or economically exploits its citizens its violating human rights and should be guilty of a crime. If we accept legal view we may become subservient to what gov.t decides. Sociology should defend human rights - transgressive criminology because it goes beyond traditional criminology as defined by law. Ex, Nazi's made it legal to persecute jews.
EV: Cohen argues whilst torture and genocide are crimes, other acts such as economic exploitation aren't evidently criminal - even if we view them as morally unacceptable. Limited to what counts as human right.
Culture of denial
Cohen: states now have to make a greater effort to conceal or justify their human rights crime or to relabel them s not being crimes. Argue state follows a 3 stage 'spiral of state denial' - it didn't happen, if it did happen its something else and even if its what you say it is, it's justified.
-
Adorno et al identifies an authoritarian personality that includes a willingness to obey the orders of superiors without question. They argue that at the time of the WWII, many Germans had authoritarian personality types due to the punitive, disciplinarian socialisation patterns that were common at the time.
-
Bauman argues social conditions which produced holocaust included many of the features of modern society - such as developed DoL, where no one personal felt responsible for entire atrocity, bureaucratisation normalising the killing by making it a repetitive, routine job and instrumental rationality - where rational, efficient methods are used to achieve a goal