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NATURAL SELECTION AND GM, FOSSILS AND DISCOVERIES, DARWIN AND WALLACE,…
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FOSSILS AND DISCOVERIES
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ARDI
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Her feet and pelvis show an earlier stage of bipedalism; less efficient. This proved that upright walking eveolved gradually
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STONE TOOLS
Earlier tools were much simpler, such as sharpened pieces of stone, but over time they improved, with hand axes, spears and arrows being developed
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Tools were often found
near human remains, and they
can be dated to establish a timeline
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The pendadactyl limb is also proof of evolution, as it proves many animals with this came from the same ancestor
DARWIN AND WALLACE
KEY POINTS
Natural Selection: Both proposed that individuals with traits better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing those traits to the next generation.
Variation: They recognized that natural variation exists within populations, and some variations provide a survival or reproductive advantage.
Struggle for Existence: Influenced by Malthus, they understood that more individuals are born than can survive, leading to competition for limited resources.
Common Descent: Darwin especially emphasized that all species share common ancestors and have diverged over time through gradual changes.
DARIWN'S CONTRIBUTION
Darwin spent over 20 years gathering evidence, especially after his voyage on the HMS Beagle.
He published "On the Origin of Species" in 1859, which laid out the theory in detail with extensive supporting evidence.
WALLACES CONTRIBUTIONS
Wallace independently formulated similar ideas while studying wildlife in the Malay Archipelago.
In 1858, Wallace sent his paper to Darwin, prompting both men’s ideas to be jointly presented to the Linnean Society.
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GENETIC ENGINEERING
GENOME MODIFICATION
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Scientists find and isolate the gene that codes for a useful characteristic (e.g. insulin from human DNA).
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The host cells grow and reproduce, all carrying the new gene and producing the desired product (e.g. insulin).
TISSUE CULTURE
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USES
Used to clone rare or endangered plants, preserve plant genetics or mass produce disease resistant crops
Tissue culture is a method of cloning plants (or sometimes animal cells) by growing small groups of cells in a nutrient-rich, sterile environment.
SELECTIVE BREEDING
A process which includes selecting two parents with the desired to traits to create offspring, creating a child or children with these traits
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