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Inglese grammatica 2 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - We use the Present Continuous:
        
        To describe an action or event in the future, which has already been planned or prepared:
        We're going on holiday next week.
        
        To describe an event or temporary situation: He usually plays bass guitar, but he's playing the drums tonight.
        
        To speak about a trend: More and more people are becoming vegetarian.
        Stative Verbs (verbs that describe a state, not an action) are not generally used in the Continuous forms. For example:
        Senses and perceptions: to feel, to hear, to see, to smell, to taste
        Opinion: to assume, to believe, to consider, to doubt, to feel (= to think), to find (= to consider),
        to suppose, to think
        Mental states: to forget, to imagine, to know, to mean, to notice, to recognize, to remember, to understand
        Emotions and desires: to envy, to fear, to dislike, to hate, to hope, to like, to love, to mind, to prefer, to regret, to want,
      - We use the Present Perfect Simple:
        
        To say that something has happened, often new information: The police have arrested the thief.
        
        When there is a connection with NOW: ‘Is Sally here?’ No, she has gone out.’ (she is out now)
        
        We often use time words (just, already and yet) with the Present Perfect Simple
        JUST = a short time ago ‘Are you hungry?’ ‘No, I’ve JUST had a snack.’
        ALREADY = sooner than we expected ‘Don’t forget to call your mother!’ ‘I’ve ALREADY called her.’
        YET = until now. It shows the speaker is expecting something to happen. Use YET only in questions and negative sentences, and put it at the END of the sentence. ‘Have you had lunch YET?’
        
        To talk about a period of time that continues from the past until now, a period which is NOT FINISHED at the time of speaking. ‘Have you EVER eaten caviar?’ (in your life)
        ‘No, I have NEVER eaten caviar.’(NOT I haven’t never…)
        DO NOT USE A DOUBLE NEGATIVE!
      - We use the Present Perfect Continuous:
        
        To speak about an activity or an action that has continued for a certain period of time, that has recently stopped or just stopped. There is a connection with NOW.
        ‘You look very tired. Have you been working a lot?’ (you look tired now)
        
        We often use HOW LONG…, FOR… and SINCE… with the Present Perfect Continuous:
        How long have you been studying English?
        I have been studying English for two years. (FOR = indicates the duration of the period)
        I have been studying English since 2018. (SINCE = indicates the beginning of the period)
        
        We can use the Present Perfect Continuous to speak about actions repeated over a period of time.
        Alice is a very good swimmer. She has been swimming since she was six.
        (action repeated since - beginning of the period - she was six.
        
        The Past Simple is the English verb tense that expresses the general concept of an action that took place in the past and no
        longer has any relationship with the present. The duration of the action is irrelevant. The action may have taken place in the near or distant past. In order to put a verb in the Past Simple, three conditions must occur simultaneously:
        
        The action must have taken place in the past and be finished the moment you are speaking.
        
        The time in which the action took place must be expressed in the sentence or context.
        
        The time expressed must be passed and finished while speaking.
        The Past Simple is always associated with a certain type of temporal expressions.
        
        Adverbs of frequency: often, sometimes, always… (Last year I sometimes played golf in the afternoons.)
        
        Expressions that indicate a precise moment in the past: last week, when I was a child, yesterday, ten minutes ago…
        We saw a good film last week.
        
        Expressions that indicate an unspecified moment in the past: the other day, ages ago, a long time ago…
        People lived in caves a long time ago.