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Digestive & Urinary System Lydiann Guzman Per. 5 - Coggle Diagram
Digestive & Urinary System Lydiann Guzman Per. 5
Major Functions of the Digestive System
absorb molecules into the bloodstream
absorption
passage of digested fragments from lumen of Gi tract into blood or lymph
rid body of any indigestible remains
defacation
elimination of indigestible substances via anus in form of feces
break it down into nutrient molecules
mechanical breakdown
includes chewing, mixing food with saliva, churning food in stomach
digestion
series of catabolic steps that involves enzymes that break down complex food molecules into chemical building blocks
segmentation
local constriction of intestine that mixes food with digestive juices
take in food
ingestion
eating
propulsion
movement of food through the alimentary canal, including swallowing
peristalsis
major means of propulsion of food that involves alternating waves of contraction and relaxation
Major Organs of the Digestive System
alimentary canal (gastrointestinal; or GI tract o gut)
continuous muscular tube that runs from the mouth to anus
digests food: breaks down into smaller fragments and absorbs fragments through lining into blood
organs:
stomach
small intesting
esophagus
large intestine
pharynx
anus
mouth
mouth and accessory digestive organs
tongue
gallbladder
cheif function is storage of bile
teeth
digestive glands
produce secretions that help break down foodstuffs
liver
digestive function is production of bile (fat emulsifier)
pancreas
supplies most of enzymes needed to digest chyme, as well as bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid
salivary glands
peritoneum
mesentery
double layer of peritoneum; layers are fused back to back; extends from body wall to digestive organs; holds organs in place and also stores fat
provides routes for blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves
intraperitoneal (peritoneal) organs
organs that are located within the peritoneum
retroperitoneal organs
located outside, or posterior to, the peritoneum
includes most of pancreas, duodenum, and parts of large intestine
Digestive Enzymes (including names and functions)
for carbohydrates
amylase
breaks down starch into smaller carbohydrate molecules, primarily maltose, which is then further broken down into glucose
for lipids
lipases
break down fats, specifically triglycerides, into fatty acids and glycerol, which are then absorbed in the intestines for energy or storage
for proteins
proteases
catalyze the breakdown of proteins into smaller peptides or individual amino acids
secreted in inactive form to prevent self digestion
for nucleic acids
nucleases
break apart the nucleotides that make up the nucleic acids DNA and RNA
Layers of the GI Tract (including stomach)
submucosa
consists of areolar connective tissue
contains blood and lymphatic vessels, lymphoid follicles, and submucosal nerve plexus that supply surrounding GI tract tissues
has abundant amount of elastic tissues that help organs to regain shape after storing large meal
muscularis externa
muscle layer responsible for segmentation and peristalsis
contains inner circular muscle layer and outer longitudinal layers
circular layer thickens in some areas to form sphincters
mucosa
tunic layer that lines lumen
functions: different layers perform one or all three
absorbs end products of digestion
protects against infectious disease
secretes mucus, digestive enzymes, and hormones
serosa
outermost layer, which is made up of the visceral peritoneum
Major Functions of the Urinary System
urine formation and elimination
involves glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion
filters 180L of fluid daily, forming about 1.5 L of urine
urine contains <1% of original filtrate, mainly wastes and unneeded substances
metabolic functions
activates vitamin D
performs gluconeogenesis during prolonged fasting
endocrine functions
produces renin (regulates blood pressure)
produces erythropoietin (stimulates red blood cells production)
excretion and regulation
regulates total water volume and solute concentration
regulates ion concentrations in extracellular fluid (ECF)
maintains long term acid base balance
excretes metabolic wastes, toxins, and drugs
Location of Digestion and Absorption of each Macromolecule
protein digestion
location of digestion
stomach
small intestine
path absorbtion of protein
amino acids are absorbed via cotransport with Na+
some dipeptides and tripeptides are absorbed via cotransport with H+ and hydrolyzed to amino acids within the cells
infrequently, transcytosis of small peptides occurs
amino acids leave the epithelial cells by facilitated diffusion, enter the capillary blood in the villi, and are transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein
fat digestion
location of digestion
stomach
small intestine
mouth
path absorbtion of fat
fatty acids and monoglycerides enter the intestinal cells via diffusion
fatty acids and monoglycerrides are recombined to form triglycerides and then combined with other lipids and proteins within the cells. The resulting chylomicrons are extruded but exocytosis
the chylomicrons enter the lacteals of the vili and are transported to the systematic circulation via the lymph in the Thoracic duct
some short chain fatty acids are absorbed, move into the capillary blood in the villi by diffusion, and are transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein
carbohydrate digestion
location of digestion
mouth
small intestine
path absorbtion of carbohydrate
glucose and galactose are absorbed bia cotransport with Na+
fructose passes via facilitated diffusion
all monosaccharides leave the epithelial cells via facilitated diffusion, enter the capillary blood in the villi, and are transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein
nucleic acid digestion
location of digestion
small intestine
path absorbtion of nucleic acid
units enter intestinal cells by active transport via membrane carriers
units are absorbed into capillary blood in the villi and transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein
Nephron Anatomy and Physiology
are the structural and functional units that forms urine in the kidneys
renal corpuscle
glomerulus
tuft of capillaries composed of fenestrated endothelium
highly porous capillaries; allows for efficient filtrate formation
filtrate: plasma derived fluid that renal tubules process to form urine
glomerular capsule
also called bowman's capsule: cup shaped, hollow structure surrounding glomerulus
parietal layer
simple squamous epithelium
extensions terminate in foot processes that cling to basement membrane
filtration slits between foot processes allow filtrate to pass into capsular space
visceral layer
clings to glomerular capillaries; branching epithelial podocytes
renal tubule
is about 3 cm (1.2 in) long; consists of single layer epithelial cells, but each region had its own unique histology and function
distal convoluted tubule
distal, farthest from renal corpusle; drains into collecting duct
cuboidal cells with very few microvilli; confined to cortex
function more in secretion than reabsorption
nephron loop
formerly loop of Henle; shaped structure consisting 2 limbs
descending limb
proxminal part of descending limb is continuous with proximal tubule
distal portion also called descending thin limb; simple squamous epithelium
ascending limb
thick ascending limb; thin in some nephrons; cuboidal/columnar
proxminal convoluted tubule
proximal, closest to renal corpuscle
cuboidal cells with dense microvilli that form brush border; increase surface are; have large mitochondria
functions in reabsorption and secretion; confined in cortex
collecting ducts
intercalated cells
cuboidal cells with abundant microvilli
collecting ducts recieved filtrate from many nephrons; run through medullary pyramids; ducts duse together to deliver urine through papillae into minor calyces
B
A
both help maintain acid base balance of blood
principal cells
sparse with short microvilli; maintain water and Na+ balance
Major Organs of the Urinary Systems
ureters
transport urine from kidneys to the urinary bladder
urinary bladder
temporarily stores urine until elimination
urethra
transports urine from the bladder out of the body
kidneys
filter blood, from urine, regulate various body functions
Disorders of the Digestive and Urinary Systems
cholecystitis
inflammation of gallbladder
causes/risk factors: digestive tumors, inflammation, gallstones, female
symptoms: tender abdomen, sweating, bloating
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
chronic disease that occurs when the esophageal sphincter relaxes, allowing contents of stomach
causes/risk factors: freq acid reflux, weakened esophageal sphincter, obesity
symptoms: chest pain, heartburn, dysphagia
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
chronic complex intestinal condition causes inflammation in digestive tract (chrons disease and ulcerative colitis)
causes/risks factors: unknown causes, genetics, environmental/ immune
symptoms: abdominal pain, cramping, loss of appetite
peptic ulcers
sores that develop in the lining of the stomach or duodenum
causes/ risk factors: NSAID overuse, stress, smoking
symptoms: heartburn, nausea, bloating
colon diseases
polypsgrowths
causes/risk factors: age, diet hereditary
symptoms: bloody stool, constipation, change in bowel movements
colorectal cancer
causes/risk factors: radiation, surgical history, lifestyle
symptoms: change in bowel movements, bloating, pelvic pain
bladder cancer
will have 1 or more tumors in the bladder
causes/risks factors: smoking, cancer drugs, radiation
symptoms: pain passing uring, lower abdomen paini, back pain
urinary tract infection (UTI)
common in women are comfortable but rarely dangerous or life threatening
causes/risk factors: sexually active women, pregnant women, menopausal women
symptoms: burning with urination, pain in lower pelvic area, chills
kidney stones
when urine has high levels of mineral and salts, hard stones can form, can be "silent" or painful
causes/risk factors: not drinking water, type II diabetes, overweight
symptoms: dark or bloody urine, nausea/vomiting, pain int tipe of penis