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Mae Stansbury, Period 5, Digestive and Urinary System - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Gastrointestinal tract/GI tract/gut
      - continuous muscular tube that runs from mouth to anus
      - Functions: digests food, absorbs fragments
      - Organs include
        
        Mouth
        
        Lips/labia
        
        Cheeks
        
        Labial frenulum
        
        Palate (hard and soft)
        
        Uvula
        
        Tongue
        
        Lingual frenulum
        
        Teeth
        
        Crown
        
        Root
        
        Gingiva (gum)
        
        Pharynx
        
        Oropharynx
        
        Laryngopharynx
        
        Esophagus
        
        Gastroesophageal (cardiac) sphincter
        
        Stomach
        
        Cardinal part (cardiac)
        
        Fundus
        
        Body
        
        Pyloric part
        
        Greater curvature
        
        Lesser curvature
        
        Mesenteries (lesser and greater omentum)
        
        Small Intestine
        
        Duodenum
        
        Jejunum
        
        Ileum
        
        Large Intestine
        
        Teniae coli
        
        Haustra
        
        Epiploic appendages
        
        Subdivisions are
        
        Cecum
        
        Appendix
        
        Colon (ascending, descending, sigmoid, and transverse)
        
        Rectum
        
        Anal canal w/ internal and external anal sphincters
        
        Anus
    - - Teeth
      - Tongue
      - Gallbladder
      - Also includes glands that help break down food stuffs
        
        Salivary glands
        
        Have 2 types of cells (serous and mucous)
        
        Liver
        
        Pancreas
- - - - Renal cortex
      - Renal medulla
      - Renal pelvis
- - - - Digestion: starts in the mouth with lipase enzyme and continues in the stomach with gastric lipase to break down more lipds, then it continues in the small intestine with lipase from the pancreas as well as bile
      - Absorption: lipids are absorbed into the small intestine to go into the lymphatic system and finally into the bloodstream
    - - Digestion: in the mouth with amylase found in the saliva. Amylase breaks down the starch and goes into the small intestine in which amylase from the pancreas and other enzymes like maltase, sucrase, and lactase help break it down more to turn carbs into glucose, fructose, and galactose
      - Absorption: Glucose, fructose, and galactose are absorbed in the small intestine and enter the blood stream to be transported to the liver and tissues
    - - Digestion: in the small intestine, pancreatic nucleases and other enzymes like deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease break down the nucleic Acids like RNA and DNA into their building block form
      - Absorption: occurs in the small intestine with transport across tissues into the bloodstream
    - - Digestion: begins in the stomach with pepsin enzymes to break down the proteins into peptides and continues in the small intestine with other enzymes from the pancreas like trypsin and chymotrypsin to break down peptides
      - Absorbtion: the broken down peptides become smaller peptides and amino acids which are absorbed in the small intestine and go into the blood stream
- - - - Tunic layer that lines lumen
      - different layers of mucosa perform different functions
        
        Secretes mucus, digestive enzymes, and hormones
        
        Absorbs end products of digestion
        
        Protects against infectious disease
    - - Made of areolar connective tissue
      - Has blood and lymphatic Vessels, lymphoid follicles, and submucosal nerve plexus that supply surrounding GI tract tissues
      - Has a lot of elastic tissues that help organs regain shape after storage of a large meal
    - - Muscle layer responsible for segmentation and peristalsis
      - Has inner circular muscle layer and outer longitudinal layers; thickens in some areas to make sphincters
    - - Outermost layer made of visceral peritoneum
- - - - Parts of this are
        
        Glomerulus; tuft of capillaries composed of fenestrated endothelium; highly porous capillaries; allows for efficient filtrate formation
        
        Glomerular capsule: bowman's capsule; cup shaped, hollow structure surrounding glomerulus; has two layers (parietal and visceral)
    - - about 3 cm long; consists of a single layer of epithelial cells with unique histology and function
      - has 3 major parts
        
        Proximal convoluted tubule: proximal, closest to renal corpuscle; cuboidal cells with dense microvilli that form brush border, increase surface area, and have large mitochondria; functions in reabsorption and secretion; confined to cortex
        
        Nephron loop: used to be called loop of Henle; U-shaped structure with two limbs.
        
        Descending limb: proximal part of descending limb is continuous with proximal tubule; distal portion aka descending thin limb, simple squamous epithelium
        
        Ascending limb: thick ascending limb is thin in some nephrons; cuboidal or columnar cells
        
        Distal convoluted tubule: distal, farthest from renal corpuscle; cuboidal cells with few microvilli; function more in secretion than reabsorption; confined to cortex
      - Distal convoluted drains into collecting duct
- - - - Description: Cancer that starts in the colon or rectum caused by polyps formed inside the colon
      - Causes/Risk Factors: cause unknown; tumors; old age
      - Symptoms: rectal bleeding or blood in stool; cramps; change in bowel habits
      - Treatment: surgery; chemotherapy; radiation
    - - Description: small clumps of cells that form on the lining of the colon or rectum, may cause cancer
      - Causes/Risk Factors: age; genetics; diabetes
      - Symptoms: change in bowel habits; change in stool color; rectal bleeding
      - Treatment: colonoscopy; surgery; EMR (endoscopic mucosal resection)