Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Nervous System Disorders (Seizures & Meningitis) - Coggle Diagram
Nervous System Disorders (Seizures & Meningitis)
1. Seizure Disorders
A. Key Definitions
Seizure
: Paroxysmal electrical discharge in neurons.
Convulsion
: Seizure + involuntary muscle movements.
Epilepsy
: ≥2 unprovoked seizures.
Core Concept:
Abnormal electrical brain activity → temporary dysfunction.
B. Classification & Features
Partial (Focal)
: Affects one brain hemisphere Simple (no LOC), Complex (LOC)
Generalized
: Affects both hemispheres Tonic-clonic, Absence
Unclassified
: Doesn't fit standard categories, Infantile spasms
Tonic-Clonic (Grand Mal):
1-Tonic Phase
: Stiffness, apnea (10-20 sec).
2-Clonic Phase
: Jerking, incontinence.
3-Postictal
: Fatigue, confusion.
Absence (Petit Mal):
Brief LOC (5-10 sec), eye fluttering, no postictal state.
C. Causes
Acute
: Fever, trauma, hypoglycemia.
Chronic
: Epilepsy, genetic disorders, brain tumors.
D. Diagnostics
EEG, MRI/CT, lumbar puncture (rule out infection).
E. Nursing Actions
During Seizure:
-Protect head, turn sideways, never restrain.
Post-Seizure
: Monitor breathing, GCS.
Education
: Medication compliance, trigger avoidance.
2. Meningitis
Core Concept
: Meningeal inflammation (bacterial/viral/fungal).
A. Types & Causes
Bacterial
:N. meningitidis, S. pneumoniae, Infants, college students
Viral
:Enteroviruses, Children <5 years
Fungal
: Cryptococcus, Immunocompromised
B. Clinical Signs
Infants
: Bulging fontanelle, high-pitched cry.
Children/Adults:
Meningeal Irritation
: Kernig’s/Brudzinski’s signs.
↑ICP
: Headache, vomiting, papilledema.
C. Diagnostics
Lumbar Puncture
:
-
Bacterial
: Cloudy CSF, high WBCs/protein, low glucose.
-
Viral
: Clear CSF, mild WBC increase.
D. Treatment
Bacterial
: IV antibiotics (ceftriaxone + vancomycin).
Viral
: Supportive care.
Complications
: Hearing loss, hydrocephalus.
E. Nursing Priorities
Isolation
: Droplet precautions for bacterial meningitis.
Neurologic Checks
: Q1-2h GCS, pupil reaction.
Fluid Management
: Restrict to 2/3 maintenance (prevent cerebral edema).