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unit 1, unit 2 populateon and migrateon, PATERNS - Coggle Diagram
unit 1
scales of analis
zoming in and out to tel a story
small scale maps
show large area with small amownt of data
large scale maps
showe small area with a large amownt of data
big 1 - small 7
1- global
2- regional
3- state-contry-national
5- county
6- city
7-local
4-sub state
difrent eliments of a charikteristik
difrent scales revele veriateons in, and difrent interpritashons of data
difrent ways that geogrefers defin regons
regions are aplied to local, national and global skales
regions are defind as an erea with one or more unifihing charikteristiks or paterns of acktivity
formall
united by one or more spesifik trates
economic
curence
social
religion
politikal
cuntres
spesifik lines
environmental
deserts
mountan ranges
functional
orginised arownd a focal point
economiks
travel
train lines
communicateon
brodcast signels
vernicular / perceptual
based on a persons pespektive or perception of a certion locateon
informal
transitinal
contested
overlaping
sens of place and cultural identity
bounderys vary widly
ex
north south devides
spatial concepts
spateal perspektive
what
where
why there
why care
paterns
place
sense of place
uniqueness of lokateon
cultural landskape
placelesnes
no sense of place
what a place is like
lokashon
where a place is
toponym
lokashons name
site/ phisikal landskape
environmental fetures
climat
paterns
indikates that tow ore more phenomena may be related
regionalization
divide and catigorize space into smaler areas of analisis
spateal interakteon
conekteons
contakt
movment
flowe of things betwen places
distance decay
the amownt of interakteon betwen places
time- space compreshon
the inkresed sens of accesibility and connection
due to globalizateon and teknoligy
difushon
a charikteristik spreds from one place to another
spatial patterns
location
distaince
direktion
patern
clustering
absolute
relitive
type of map
choroplet
dot-density
graduated / porportinal symbol
isoline & topograpic
cartograms
human environmental interakteon
cultural ecology
how humans interakt or adapt to the environment
environmental determinasim
belife that climat and land are the most powerful forces in shaping human behavior and social/ cultural develimpment
used to justify racisum
environmental posibilisum
acepting the limits inposed by the environment but focusing on the role of human culture to modify and respond to the environment
geographic data
Geospatial technologies
GIS
staking layers on top of ech other
Remote Sensing
camras and sensers on airkraft
GPS
lokateon
used by
bisneses
orgenizations
indeviduals
government agences
to make desishons
gathered
feald work
field observation
us census
type of map
reference map
thematic map
map projektions ar distorted
maps are S.A.D.D
S. shape
A. area
D. distance
D. direktion
exampel maps
mercator
purpus : navigashon
negative: area distortion
peters equal area
akurat land mas size
negative: shapes are inakurat nere the poles
robinson
purpus: conprimize
no major distorteons
all aspekts are slitly distorted
unit 2 populateon and migrateon
distribushon and density
where is pop distributed
8 bilion peopel
hevily populated
western europ
south asia
east asia
south east asia
faktors influencing distrobushon
natural / environmental / physikal
peopel do not setel
"5 toos"
too hot
too cold
too wet
too hilly
too dry
peopel wlill setil
low elivateon
temporat climat
fertial soil
nere a body of water
ecumene
the habitabil ereas of the world
other faktors
economik
jobs
natural resorces
social / cultural
housing, safty, transport, comunity, belonging
politikal
housing
safty
transport
how to calculate pop density
arithmetik
total pop / ariabel land
positives
reveles careing capasity
the maximum pop size that can be soported by the avalibel recorces without damiging the environment or using natural resorces unsustanably
negatives
physidogical
farmers / ariabel land
indikator of contrys level of development rather than pop distrobushon
hige = LDC
lowe level of tek
farm by hand
mor farmers
low autput
lowe = MDC
high level of mechanizashon
les farmers
more autput
agricultural
total pop / land area
positive
generik, cach all
negative
not acownting for un even distrobushon
no info abowt clustering or dispersa
asumes even distrobushon
consequences of populateon distrobushon
hawe does pop distrabushon and density afekt sociaty and the environment
social
social services and infrestrukture
high pop density inpakts exesibility to
housing, jobs, water, and services like : sanitashon, medikal care, fire, police, public transport and waste colekteon
eseyer & cheper to provide for clusterd pop
less distance to travel
still expensive for lots of peopel
economic
competishon for jobs
urbanizashon due to manufakturing and industry
more tercheary aktivitys are lokated in citys
uneven pop distrobushon results in un even development
politikal
representashon in government
electoral distrikts which have to be rufly equal in pop size
determins hawe meny representashons in government
redistrukting
proces of redrawing electoral distrikt boundarys every 10 years after the census
natural
populateon composishon
pop structure
what percent of the pop are children, elderly, male, female?
signifikant impacts politically, socialy and economically
what dose a sociaty need with a high rate of children, women, elderly
what couses a high rate of children, elderly or men
populateon pyrimid
showes the populateon strukture and composishon
used to assess pop grothe and decline
predikt markets for goods and services
can be utilized at vareus scales
city or country
esental parts of a pop pyrimid
male and female
oldest and youngest
percentage of pop
increments of 5 yers
dependency rateo
dependent age group / working age grup. X 100
dependant age group
under 15
youth dependency
over 65
elderly dependancy
what is the demand put on the working age group to provide for the dependant group
inpakts of dependancy rateo
high dependency rateo = high nomber of peopel not working
not erning an income
not paying taxes
dependent on state healthcare
working pop face higher taxes
schools
hospitals
living facilitys
inpakts of an elderly dependancy rateo
economik
elderly pay les incom tax
spponserd by government retiernment funds
as life expektancy inkreses so do helthcare costs
infrastrukture and halthcare workers avalibel ?
provode oportunitys for employment in the elderly care industry
social
tradishonal familys
bride moves in to husbands family residence
culture is changing
living facilitys for the elderly
provide social soport for families
babysiting
politikal
tipikaly the most politikaly aktive grupe
difrent perspektive on politikal ishues
sex ratio
the porporteon of males to females in a populateon
examin at moltipel scales
what wuld cos fuwer men or women
war
insifichent helth care for woman
migrateon
gender / sex selektiv aborteons
populateon dinamiks
what faktures determin a populateons groth and decline
fertility
crude birth rate CBR
total fertility rate TFR
mortality
life expectancy
crude death rate CDR
infant mortality rate IMR
migration
hawe to calculate pop groth and decline
natural incres rate NIR
nose not acount for migrateon
can be a negativ number
indecating pop decrese
usualy a percentage
( crude birth rate - crude death rate) / 10
populateon groth rate
more acurate - accounts for migrashon
imigrants
move in
emigrants
move out
birth - death + imigrants - emigrants
dubeling time
number of yeres in wich a pop will doubel
assuming growth rate stays the same
70 / natural increse rate
populateon dynamiks
historikal trands in pop grothe and decline
in history pop grothe was very low
starting arownd 1750
agrikultural revoluteon
industreal revoluteon
rapid urbanizashon
advances in healthcare and sanitashon
first 1 bilion in 1804
dubeling time has decresed
populateon grothe increses rapidyl
known as populateon j-curve
contemporary trends in pop grothe and decline
today most grothe is hapening in LDC's
espechaly asia and afrika
what causes populateons to grow and decline
economic
pop grothe
agrikultural sociatys
need children to work on farms
advancments in food produkteon and nutrishon
mechanikashon of agrikulture
farming eficency
advancments in sanitashon
less water contaminateon and deses
water tretment plants
garbige pikup
economic prosperity
access to healthcare
preventeon and cure of deseses
women have aces to pre and post natal care
pop decline
industreal and post industreal sociaty
woman are more involved in the workforce
urbinizashon -> small living quarters
economic hardship
children are expensive
acces to healthcare
women have access to contreceptives
social
pop growth
religion
tradishonal cultures encurige big families
restrikteon of contreseptive use and aborteon
erlier mariges = more children
pop decline
role of women - educashon and workforce
more women in workforce / edukashon -> postpone having children -> redukteon in chiald bering yers -> less children
healthcare
how to care for babys
access to understanding of contrecepteon
politikal
pop growth
pro-natalist pop polices
gov encuriges familys to have children
propaganda
incentives
shift from war to peace
baby boom
pop decline
anti-natalist pop polices
gov discuriges familys from having children
propaganda
incentives
war
higher mortality rate
increse in migrateon
shortage of supplies
natural
pop decline
natural disasters
spred of diseas
the demographic and epidemiological transition models
the demographic transiteon model DTM
demography
the study of populateon statistiks
used to analize and predikt trends in pop grothe and decline
birth, death and natural increse rate
model
birth rate, death rate, natural increse, total populateon grothe
stage 1
high birth and death
low increse and total pop
stage 2
decresing death rate
high birth
increse in natural increse and total pop
stage 4
low death rate
birth rate platows at low
litel to none natural inkrese
hige total pop
stage 3
birth rate starts to decrese
death rate levels out at low
high natural inkrese
growing total pop
stage 5
lowe death rate
slite increse in birth rates
slite increse in natural increse
hige pop - slight increse
the epidemiological transition model ETM
prediktabel stages in disease and life expektancy
corispons to the DTM
model
stage 1, pestilance and famin
hige birth and death
low total pop
stage 2, receding pandemics
pandemiks and infektus deseses decline becos of new medical advances, sanitateon and inpruved nutrishon
stage 3, degenerative and human made diseses
disseases associated with aging and lifestyal choyses
stage 4, delayed degenerative diseses
diseases associated with aging and lifestyal choyses can be delayd with medical advancments
stage 5, reemergance of infectius diseases
bacteria and parasites become resistant to antibiotics and vaccines
reemergance of infectious diseases
malthusian theory
carrying capacity
the amownt pop a locateon can support without harming the environment
overpopulateon
thomas malthus
lived in england
industreal revoluteon
malthus claim
pop grows exponentaly wile food only grows arithmetically
result in food shortages and famine
point of crisis
where pop over takes food
criticism
factors that have slowed pop growth
contraceptives
educateon
advancment of woman
factors that have increased food produkteon
mechanizised farming
hibrid seads
chemical fertilisers
new technologies and inventeons
mor efficient travel to diliver food
refrigeration
tin cans
boserup's theory
food suply is impacted direktly by pop growth
as pop increses we will develop newe technologes to increse food suply
neo-malthusian
conserns abowt sustanibel use of the environment
the earths resorces can only sustain a limited populateon
decresing birth rates in developed contrys
strain on natural resources
water insukuritys
desertifikashon
poluteon of air and water
over consumpteon
famin and starvashon
populateon polices
pro natalist pop polices
government programs desined to increse fertility rate and exelirate pop growth
AKA expansive pop polices
why
aging pop
declining pop
labor force
where
stage 4 & 5 countrys
methods
propaganda
financial insentives and disentives
family planing and contracepteon
ainti natalist pop polices
government programs desined to decreas the fertility rate and slowe pop growth
AKA ristriktive pop polices
why
overpopulateon and rapid growth
limitid resources and infistrukture
reduse the risk of famin
where
stage 2 countrys
unintended consequences
forced sterilizashon
abandonment of babies
sex related aborteons
skewed sex rateows
causes of migrateon
migrateon
perminent or semy perminent relocashon of peopel from one place to another
immigrateon
move in to
emmigrateon
exit
push factor
pushing away
economik
job liss
lack of employment opportunitys
low wages
social and demographik
diskriminateon, pregudis and persikushon
gender roles
politikal
war
represive law
diskriminateon
natural
natural desaster
drought
crop failure
intense climate
pull factor
pulling to
economic
job opportunitys
higher wages
sesonal jobs
social and demographik
freedom and less diskriminateon
familiar or kinship ties
politikal
peace
asylum
natural
desirabel climat and land scape
intervening obstikal
bareas stoping migrants from continuing to travel
intervening opportunitys
oppurtunity that makes migrants volinterily stop traveling
ravensteins laws of migrateon
migrateon is tipikaly short in distance
migrateon ocurs in steps
urban areas atrakt bothe long distance and rural migrants
every migrateon generates a counter migrateon
young, singel, adult men are more likely to migrate
women will migrate shorter distances
most migrateon is due to economik faktors
forced and voluntery migrateons
voluntary migrateon
there own choyce
transnational
one contry to another
internal
staying in side the a contry
chain
folowing somwone els who has preveusly migrated ther
step
migrating in steps
rural to urban
involentery migrateon
forced to move
refugees
forced to flee there contry
internaly displaced person
forced to move within a contry
asylum seker
newe contrys government gives protekteon
enslaved persons
atlantik slave trade
remitence
sending mony bak to contry of origin
effects of migrateon
economic effects
receving contry
imigrants are a sorce of labor
imagrants often open bisnuses
country of origin
decres in unemplayment
les strain on resources
remittances
brain drain
liss of traind or edukated peopel
social and demigraphik efekts
reciving contrys
cultural contribushons
imigrants bring aspekts of there home culture
demographic change
sorce of pop growth
age conposishon
contry of origin
demographic change
unbalenced sex rateo
dependency rateo
changes the tradishonal family strukture
relife from overcrowding
political efekts
PATERNS
density