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Alterations in Hormonal & Metabolic Function, Plasma becomes dilute →…
Alterations in Hormonal & Metabolic Function
Cushing's Syndrome
↑ Cortisol
Adrenal Cortex
↑ Glucose
immune suppression
central obesity
"Moon" face
"Buffalo Hump"
Hirsutism
↑ BP
Diagnosis
24 hr urine collection
image studies
Treatment
steroid taper
surgical removal of tumor
SIADH
↑ ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)
Produced in the Hypothalamus
Water Retention
by the kidneys hyponatremia
decreased & concentrated urine
anorexia, N/V, muscle cramps
psychosis, seizures, coma
Diagnosis
Serum sodim < 135 mEq/L
decreased urine volume
high urine sodium concentration
absense of renal, adrenal, or thyroid abd
Treatment
focus on cause
water restriction
isotonic or hypertonic saline
vasopressin antagonists
by the
Addison's Disease
↓ Cortisol
Adrenal Cortex
↓ Glucose
weight loss
Hyponatremia
Hyperkalemia
Hyperpigmentation
sparse hair
↓ BP
Diagnosis
Clinical presentation
Labs
serum corticosteroid levels
Treatment
steroids
increase salt intake
Hypothyroidism
Hasimoto
Thyroid Gland
HIGH TSH
↓ T3, ↓ T4
Thyroid can't produce enough
SLOW Metabolism
Weight gain
bradycardia
cold intolerance
Myxedema
Diagnosis
pt Hx & Physical
Signs of Clinical Manifestations
lab studies
thyroid autoantibodies
Treatment
medication - levothyroxine
Diabetes Insipidus (DI)
↓ ADH (central) or ADH resistance (nephrogenic)
Released from Posterior Pituitary
Released from Posterior Pituitary
Excessive Water Loss
by the kidneys
hypernatremia
Polyuria - dilute urine
Polydipsia - excessive thirst
Dilute urine
severe dehydration
shock, death
collecting ducts
Diagnosis
pt history
physical exam
labs - serum solute concentration
urine specific gravity
Treatment
hydration
replace ADH - Desmopressin
Hyperthyroidism
Graves' Disease
Source of Hormone
LOW TSH,
↑ T3, ↑ T4
Thyroid overproduces
FAST Metabolism
Weight loss
tachycardia
heat intolerance
Exophthalmos
Goiter
Diagnosis
pt Hx & Physical
Signs of Clinical Manifestations
lab = free thyroxine in serum
Treatment
radioactive idoine
thyroidectomy
Plasma becomes dilute → hyponatremia, but urine is concentrated.
Water is not reabsorbed → polyuria → dehydration → hypernatremia.