Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Heredity, opposite to each other, connects to linkage and pleiotropy,…

- - - - resources (water light)
      - growth inhibitors (temperature toxins)
    - - biotic (herbs, pathogens, anthropogenic)
      - abiotic (fire, wind)
    - - C- competitors
      - S- stress tolerarles
      - R- ruderals
  - - - Nx/Nx+1
    - - Nx/No
    - - given
    - - if > 1, population size increases
      - if < 1, population size decreases
      - if = 1, population doesnt change
      - mean generation time, G= sum of all lx(Fx)(x)
      - R0 = sum of all lx(Fx)
    - - if > 1, population size increases
      - if < 1, population size decreases
      - if = 1, population size doesnt change
      - r = ln(R0)/ G
    - - 1) multiply lx by 1000
      - 2) take the log10 of this value
      - 3) plot each result on the Y axis of a graph
      - 4) plot against age on the X axis
  - - - pollinators, bees
    - - whales & barnacles, bird nesting in a tree
    - - black walnut tree prevents other trees to grow
    - - trees fighting for light
    - - caterpillars eating leaves
      - predator-prey interactions
        
        Predator = P
        
        Prey = N
        
        on a plot, prey is always slightly above predators
        
        Lotta-Volterra model
        
        Prey #
        
        dN/dt = rN - aNP
        
        a = predators attack rate
        
        P = number of predators
        
        Predator
        
        dP/dt = faNP -qP
        
        P= number of predators
        
        a= predators attack rate
        
        q= predators death constant
        
        f= predators birth constant
        
        https://youtu.be/06JMJPupGvY
        
        https://youtu.be/GkZZF4REzrM
        
        https://docs.google.com/document/d/1RAWzROkwJk7-90JN1KyRGOjHeClSvJrFv2D7R1uLXow/edit?tab=t.0
- - - - a change in a nt that is inherited through gametes
    - - bottleneck effect: a large population diminished suddenly
      - causes migration
    - - immigration & emmigration
      - Causes consequences for: GMOs, climate change, speciation
    - - 1 allele is superior
      - vigor & population increases
        
        freq. distribution
      - Patterns
        
        equilibrium
        
        directional selection
        
        an extreme trait is favored
        
        variation stays the same, but it is the only one with a mean that is NOT EQUAL
        
        eg: lizard with a long snake tail that scares predators
        
        stabilizing selection
        
        favors the average trait
        
        variation is DECREASED
        
        eg: a squirrel with a medium tail
        
        disruptive selection
        
        eg: a squirrel with no tail or a long tail (no in betweens)
        
        favors both extreme traits
        
        variation is INCREASED
      - https://youtu.be/7bic5KIHiXU
        
        https://youtu.be/WmTlwD2Zd7E?si=lvfh_vxLLeVirppw
        
        https://docs.google.com/document/d/1YrP4JWMMTkLWSlEW2c8EeGBE21Tfe7KrMrAOimMh2-Y/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.m48t8klmehn7
        
        https://docs.google.com/document/d/12E0gthEY5xuyuiMm2Cb74NE9ArUizvVqODb2D32NClE/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.kqu9e2njt975
    - - some individuals are "favored" more than others
      - male-male competition
      - female choice
    - - p2+q2+2pq=1
      - p2= homo dominant
      - q2= homo recessive
      - 2pq= heterozygous
      - https://youtu.be/yspok2Bw8zc
      - https://youtu.be/QRR7ToZFXac
      - https://docs.google.com/document/d/1zfvWLJcRprs5vUYUtpSWp0E79_jkBly0wSQ6M0BIme8/edit?tab=t.0
        
        https://docs.google.com/document/d/15OY9i3Y3knHWZ9eGxhEu2QXgwsZ4e9pilKwcJGe7kpY/edit?tab=t.0
        
        https://docs.google.com/document/d/1kZCYsCXXUq7B4EeqzngoKv3Z17Yf4T8lApL5xzQNRFA/edit?tab=t.0
- - - - more than 2 alleles for a loci
    - - SNPs
      - Chromosomal mutations
        
        deletion
        
        duplication
        
        inversion (180°)
        
        transposons (jumping genes)
        
        translocation (exchange between 2 non homologous chromosomes)
    - - only 2 gametes are possible instead of 4, the same as parents
    - - multiple genes control a characteristic
      - MOST TRAITS
    - - one gene masks another
      - eg: one gene controls pigment shade, the other controls the location
    - - more than diploid
        
        from Autopolyploid
        
        failed meiosis
        
        selfing
        
        from Allopolyploid
        
        mismatch during mating
        
        eg: Duran wheat
        
        28 chromosomes
        
        TETRAPLOID
        
        pasta
        
        eg: Bread wheat
        
        42 chromosomes
        
        HEXAPLOID
        
        gluten
        
        Polyploid mask deleterious recessive alleles
        
        help accumulate mutations, beneficial
        
        responsible for duplicating seed plants and extant angiosperms
    - - SINGLE gene with multiple effects on genotype
      - sorta the opposite of polygenic inheritance #
    - - not made in equal numbers
      - recombinant = less abundant
      - parentals = more abundant
    - - Selfer
        
        small petals, early bloomer, physiologically escape
      - Outcrosser
        
        big petals, late bloomer, physiologically tolerant