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DIABETES MELLITUS - Coggle Diagram
DIABETES MELLITUS
Definition
A group of metabolic disorders characterized by chronic hyperglycemia due to defective insulin secretion, action, or both.
Types: type I, type II, gestational, etc
Clinical Presentation
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Classic triad: Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia
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Recurrent infections (UTIs, fungal infections)
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Pathophysiology
Type 2 DM
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Peripheral insulin resistance (muscle, liver, adipose tissue).
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Investigations
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Urine tests: Glycosuria, ketonuria (in DKA), microalbuminuria
Autoantibodies (e.g., GAD, ICA) for Type 1 diagnosis
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C-peptide levels: Low in Type 1, normal/high in Type 2
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Treatment
Type 2 DM
Oral antidiabetic drugs: Metformin (first-line), Sulfonylureas, DPP-4 inhibitors, SGLT2 inhibitors, GLP-1 agonists
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Lifestyle changes: Diet, exercise, weight loss
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Risk Factors
Type 1 DM
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Environmental triggers (e.g., viral infections)
Genetic predisposition (HLA-DR3, DR4)
Type 2 DM
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Certain ethnic groups (e.g., South Asians, African Americans)
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Examination
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Peripheral neuropathy signs: decreased vibration/position sense, absent ankle reflexes
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