Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
E359 L03&L04 - Coggle Diagram
E359 L03&L04
L03
EV: An electric vehicle (EV) is a vehicle that uses one or more electric motors or traction motors for propulsion and EVs usually refer to Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) or Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) which still use liquid fuels in conjunction with electricity
BEV: May be powered through a collector system by electricity from off-vehicle sources, or may be self-contained with a battery, solar panels or an electric generator to convert fuel to electricity
HEV: The gasoline engine provides power for higher speeds or when the battery is low. The electric motor assists during acceleration and low-speed driving. HEVs do not need to be plugged in; they charge their batteries through regenerative braking and the engine.
PHEV: Hybrid vehicle that has a larger battery than a Full Hybrid (FHEV) and can be charged externally via a charging station or power outlet.
FHEV: Type of hybrid vehicle that can operate using Internal combustion engine (ICE) alone, electric motor alone and a combination of both.
Key features of Full Hybrids: Larger battery & more powerful motor than a Mild Hybrid, smaller battery then PHEV, regenerative braking to recharge the battery.
Mild Hybrid Electric Vehicle: Type of hybrid vehicle that cannot run on electric power alone but uses a small electric motor to assist the internal combustion engine (ICE) for improved efficiency and reduced emissions.
Micro HEV: Simplest form of hybrid vehicle, primarily featuring start-stop technology and regenerative braking, but no electric motor for propulsion.
HEV Configuration
-
Series
Series hybrid layout
Pros: Starting and stopping the engine has no effect on the vehicle drive, therefore the control systems are less sophisticated, Packaging advantage, Having a small engine in a pure electric car allows for extension of
range and reduces range anxiety
Cons: If driven without storage in battery, energy is converted twice
Mechanical --> Electrical --> Mechanical
If energy is stored in battery, energy is converted three times Mechanical --> Electrical --> Chemical
-
Power-split hybrid
Pros: Combine electrical and mechanical power to drive the wheel, Engine speed can be adjusted independently of the vehicle speed
Cons: Increased mechanical complexity
L04
Key Components
Battery
Function: Stores and supplies electrical energy to power the
EV/Hybrid.
Types:
-Lithium-ion (Li-ion): Most common due to high energy
density and longevity.
-Nickel-Metal Hydride (NiMH): Used in hybrid vehicles
Key considerations: Capacity (kWh), Voltage, Charging time, Lifespan, Thermal management
Motor
Function: Converts electrical energy into mechanical energy to
drive the wheels.
Types:
-Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM)
-Induction Motor
-Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM)
Efficiency & Performance: High efficiency (~90-95%), instant torque delivery and regenerative braking to recover energy
Inverter
Function: Converts DC power from the battery into AC power for
the electric motor.
Key Features: Controls motor speed and torque, enhances energy efficiency by optimizing power conversion, enables regenerative braking by converting AC power from
the motor back to DC power for the battery.
-
Charging Unit
Function: Manages the charging of the EV battery from external
sources.
Types:
Level 1 (120V AC): Slow charging using standard
household outlets.
Level 2 (240V AC): Faster charging with dedicated EV
chargers.
Level 3 (DC Fast Charging): High-power charging stations
reducing charge time to ~30 minutes.
Considerations: Charging infrastructure availability, onboard chargers vs. external DC fast chargers, charging protocols
Control Unit
Function: Regulates and controls the
operation of the electric motor.
Key Aspects: Converts driver input into motor torque
control.
Monitors and optimizes motor performance for efficiency and power delivery.