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lesson 3 and 4, components in hev, EV - Coggle Diagram
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components in hev
battery
store and supplies electrical energy
types:
- lithium-ion
- lithium iron phosphate
- nickel-metal hydride
key considerations:
- capacity, voltage, charging time, lifespan, thermal management
charging unit
Manages the charging of the EV battery from external
sources
types:
- Level 1 (120V AC): Slow charging using standard
household outlets
- Level 2 (240V AC): Faster charging with dedicated EV
chargers
- Level 3 (DC Fast Charging): High-power charging stations
reducing charge time to ~30 minutes
Considerations:
- Charging infrastructure availability
- Onboard chargers vs. external DC fast chargers
- Charging protocols (CCS, CHAdeMO, Tesla Supercharger,
etc.)
control unit
Regulates and controls the
operation of the electric motor
Key Aspects:
- converts driver input
- monitors and optimizes motor performance
- coordinates with the inverter
- manages regen braking to recover energy
- protect against motor overheating and electrical faults
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inverter
Converts DC power from the battery into AC power for
the electric motor.
key features:
- controls motor speed and tourque
- enhances energy efficiency by optimizing power conversion
- Enables regenerative braking by converting AC power from
the motor back to DC power for the battery.
motor
Converts electrical energy into mechanical energy to
drive the wheels.
types:
- Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM)
-Induction Motor
- Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM)
efficiency&performance:
- high efficiency(`90-95%)
- Instant torque delivery
- Regenerative braking to recover energy
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EV
hybrid electric vehicles
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regen braking
When braking, total torque can come from hydraulic brakes alone or combined with the powertrain. In ICE vehicles, fuel cut-off provides engine braking. In HEVs, the electric motor applies negative torque and acts as a generator, converting kinetic energy into electricity to recharge the battery.
electic driving
If the electric motor is strong enough, the vehicle can run in electric mode with the ICE off.
FHEVs allow low-speed electric driving (5–10 km/h) due to limited battery capacity, while PHEVs can drive electric at higher speeds (up to 90–100 km/h) thanks to larger batteries.
During driving, the battery can operate in:
charge deplete mode (using stored energy)
charge sustain mode (maintained by the ICE when low)
charging mode (recharged through regenerative braking).
Unlike FHEVs, Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) can be charged from the grid using a power socket; their power electronics module includes a rectifier that converts AC to DC to charge the high-voltage battery.
types of EVs
A PHEV is a hybrid with a larger battery than a Full Hybrid (FHEV) and can be charged externally. Key features include a longer electric range (30-100 km), dual power sources (electric until the battery depletes, then switches to the ICE), regenerative braking, and the ability to charge via a plug.
A Full Hybrid (FHEV) can operate on the ICE alone, the electric motor alone (for short distances/low speeds), or a combination of both. Key features include a larger battery and more powerful motor than a Mild Hybrid (MHEV), but smaller than a PHEV. It can drive solely on electric power, uses regenerative braking to recharge, and doesn’t require plugging in—the battery charges through the engine and braking.
A Mild Hybrid (MHEV) cannot run on electric power alone but uses a small electric motor to assist the ICE for better efficiency and lower emissions. Key features include a small battery (48V or 12V) that supports the engine, an electric motor for acceleration and stop-start, regenerative braking to recharge the battery, and no need for external charging as it recharges via the engine and braking.
A Micro HEV is the simplest hybrid, featuring start-stop technology and regenerative braking without an electric motor for propulsion. Key features include a start-stop system, regenerative braking to charge the battery, no external charging, and a small battery (12V or 24V). Unlike other hybrids, it doesn’t use an electric motor to assist the engine.
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