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Human Reproductive System - Coggle Diagram
Human Reproductive System
Female Anatomy
Ovaries
Oogenesis = production of secondary oocyte in the ovaries
Oogonia = oocytes develop from these cells; these divide by mitosis and produce primary oocytes
Ovulation is the release of a secondary oocyte from the ovary
Function: produce and store eggs (oocytes) and produce hormones like estrogen and progesterone
Uterine tubes/ Fallopian Tube
where fertilization occurs (in the ampulla)
transports oocyte (egg) or zygote (fertilized egg) from the ovary to the uterus
provides nutrients for oocyte/baby
Uterus
receives fertilized egg and protects baby as it develops
3 layers; endometrium(inner, this layer sheds and is replaced during menstruation cycle ), myometrium (middle), perimetrium (outer)
cervix = passageway for menstrual flow, sperm entry, and baby during childbirth
Vagina
organ for intercourse
allows for menstrual flow and childbirth
hymen = covers vaginal opening
Externa Genitalia/ Vulva/ Pudendum
function = protect internal genital organs from infection, and provide sexual pleasure
labia minora, clitoris, vagina orifice
perineum = region between vagina and anus
Mammary Glands
organs of milk production in breats
15-20 lobes surrounded by fat - each lobe has a single lactiferous duct that enlarges into a lactiferous sinus that stores milk during letdown
Male Anatomy
Testis
where sperm develop
require lower than body temperature for sperm to develop
exocrine functions = sperm cells are secreted
endocrine functions = testosterone is secreted
cryptorchidism = failure for one or both of testis to descend into scrotum - which prevents normal sperm development
Penis
functions - urination, vehicle for injecting sperm into vagina, erection
3 columns of erectile tissue that engorge with blood - corpora cavernosa, corpus spongiosum, root of penis
glans penis = enlargement of corpus spongiosum
prepuce/foreskin - covers glans penis
circumcision = surgical removal of foreskin
Accessory Glands & Semen
prostate gland
thin, milky secretion, high pH
seminal vesicles
empty into the ejaculatory duct, secretions contain fibrinogen, high pH
bulbourethral glands
mucous secretion just before ejaculation - helps neutralize pH of vagina
semen = secretions of all 3 accessory glands + sperm cells
Scrotum
contains testis - two chamber sac
dartos and cremaster muscles help regulate temperature
perineum = triangle between penis and anus
Ducts
transport sperm from sites of production to storage, then to the urethra for ejaculation
epididymis = site of sperm maturation - takes 12-16 days for sperm to travel to epididymis
vas deferens - from epididymis to abdominal cavity
ejaculatory duct
urethra
Female Fertilization, Fertility, & Pregnancy
Fertility
sperm ejaculated into vagina during intercourse, transported through cervix and fallopian tubes to ampulla
sperm cells undergo capacitation - makes them capable of fertilizing an egg by releasing acrosomal enzymes
Pregnancy
An oocyte can be fertilized up to 24 hours after ovulation
sperm cells are viable up to 6 days in the female tract
ectopic pregnancy - implantation occurs anywhere other than the uterine cavity
Fertilization
occurs in ampulla of fallopian tubes
sperm cell fuses with egg, creates fertilized egg called zygote
Female Sexual Behavior & Sex Act
depends on psychological factors and hormones; androgens and steroids
parasympathetic stimulation - blood engorgement in clitoris and around vaginal opening, erect nipples, mucous-like fluid extruded into vagina and through wall
Male Sex Act
testosterone require to initiate and maintain
series of reflexes that result in erection of penis, secretion of mucus into urethra, emission, ejaculation
emission = discharge of all the secretions of ducta deferentia into the urethra
ejaculation
forceful expulsion of semen from urethra
sensations result in orgasm, ejaculation, then resolution
Female Reproduction and Puberty
Ovarian Cycle
changes in ovaries
follicular phase - occurs before ovulation - days 1-14
luteal phase - occurs after ovulation - days 15-28 - at end of luteal phase if no fertilization endometrium is shed
Uterine Cycle
changes in uterus
meses = period when endometrium is sloughed and expelled from uterus
Menstruation = discharge of sloughed endometrial tissue and blood
proliferative phase = time between ending of menses and ovulation
secretory phase = time after ovulation and before next menses
puberty
begins with menarche - first episode of menstrual bleeding
begins when GnRH, LH, and FSH levels increase
Menstrual Cycle
about 28 days long
amenorrhea = absence of menstrual cycle
menopause = end of menstrual cycles
40-50 years old
ovulation stops, ovaries stop producing estrogen, and progesterone
phases
menstruation - days 1-5 -
endometrium sheds - bleeding
follicular - days 6-14
the follicle in the ovary prepares an egg and uterine lining rebuilds
ovulation - day 14
egg is released from ovaries
luteal - days 15 -28
corpus luteum forms and releases hormones to prepare for possible pregnancy - if no fertilization, phases begin over again
Female Reproductive Disorders
Endometriosis
lining of the uterus grows outside of uterus, can cause pain or heavy periods, may lead to fertility problems
Uterine Fibroids
non-cancerous growth in uterus, can cause heavy bleeding, pain, or pressure
Blocked Fallopian Tubes
fallopian tubes (carry eggs from ovaries) are blocked, can prevent pregnancy, may be caused by infection or past surgery
Male Reproductive Disorders
Erectile Dysfunction
trouble getting or keeping an erection, caused by stress, health issues, or poor blood flow, common in older men, can be treated with medicine
Testicular Cancer
cancer in testis, common in younger men, usually lump or swelling, often treatable if caught early
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)
enlarged prostate gland (not cancer), common in older men, can make it difficult to pee or cause frequent urination, can be treated with medicine or surgery
Sperm Production
spermatogenesis
Spermatozoa produced in seminiferous tubules
spermatogonia divide (mitosis) to form primary spermatocytes and daughter spermatogonia
(1) primary spermatocytes divide to form secondary spermatocytes
(2) Secondary spermatocytes divide to form spermatids
(3) spermatids develop an acrosome and flagellum
process where the spermatid develops a head, midpiece, and tail
Interstitial cells produce testosterone
sustentacular cells nourish sperm cells and produce globulin
parts of sperm
head - contains DNA and an acrosome that contains enzymes necessary for egg penetration
midpiece - contains mitochondria
tail/flagellum - for mobility
Male Reproduction and Puberty and Testosterone
before birth, the placenta secretes chorionic gonadotropin hormone which stimulates secretion of testosterone by fetal testes - from birth to puberty is no stimulation of secretion of testosterone
FSH levels promote sperm formation - inhibin inhibits FSH secretion
LH levels promote interstitial cells to produce testosterone
puberty = age at which individuals become capable of sexual reproduction
testosterone effects
enlargement of male genitals and reproductive duct system, necessary for sperm cell formation, descent of testis, hair growth on certain parts of body, increases metabolic rate, rapid bone growth, and more