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PS2120: Neuroscience of Social Interaction & its Applications - Coggle…
PS2120: Neuroscience of Social Interaction & its Applications
Social Interaction
Social Interaction\n- When 2+ people come together & influence each others behaviour\n- Can use symbols, language, verbal/nonverbal cues\n- Foundation of society\n - Built from social interactions on various scales
Types of Interaction\n- Individual to individual\n- Individual to group
How Brain Supports Social Interaction
Goals of Social Neuroscience\n- Localise\n- Find neural mechanisms
Localise\n- Find which parts of brain process social stimuli & produce social behaviour
Find Neural Mechanisms\n- How brain areas interact
Traditional Approaches\n- How individuals understand & process social information\n- Use tasks w. 1 participant
Participant Tasks\n- Presented w. stimuli & asked to make judgements/inferences about them\n- Tasks focus on how individuals interpret social cues, make social judgements & attribute mental states to others
Revised Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (Baron-Cohen et al., 2003)
Types of Studies (Schilbach, 2013)\n- 2nd person task\n- 3rd person task
2nd Person Task\n- Active interaction
Types of 2nd Person Task\n- Single-brain\n- Dual-brain
Single-Brain Approaches\n- Typically involve video links/computer generated agents\n- Human/computer avatar responds in real time
Advantages\n- Data analysed easily using established techniques\n- Avatars allow high degree experimental control
Types of Interaction\n- Real\n - People actually interact\n- Perceived\n - People think they are interacting
Types of Dual-Brain Task\n- Sequential\n- Simultaneuous
Sequential Approaches\n- Insight how info transferred & how shared representations built
Charades Task\n- Sender make gesture to convey work while brain imaged w. fMRI\n- Recorded message created\n- Receiver watches video while brain imaged w. fMRI
Simultaneous Approaches/Hypercanning\n- Examine dynamics between 2 interactors in real time\n - Alignment of sender & receiver
Brain-to-Brain Synchrony (Kinreich et al., 2017)\n- 104 adults in male-female pairs recruited\n - Some pairs romantic couples\n - Some pairs strangers\n- Participants had conversation about any topic w. + theme\n- Brain activity measured w. 2 EEG headsets\n- Gamma power correlation in couples stronger than stranger pair
Explanation\n- Neural synchrony may be due to simultaneous presentation of stimulu\n - If 2 people having similar experience then neural activity similar\n- Difficulty to relate behaviour to brain activity of both participants
Necessity\n- Necessary to study social cog during interaction\n - If assume social cog in social interaction different\n- Get complete picture of neural systems that support social interaction
Insights from Results\n- Components of social interaction
Components of Social Interaction\n- Mutual engagement\n- Behavioural alignment\n- Reciprocal interaction\n- Joint attention\n- Communication\n- Social-decision making\n- Group dynamics
Mutual Engagement\n- Behaviour directed toward & relevant to each other\n- Difficult to elicit in traditional '3rd person' approaches\n - Stimuli typically irrelevant to participant
Approaches to Achieving Engagement\n- Bottom-up\n - Make stimuli appear engaging\n- Top-down\n - Tell participants are being engaged even if not true
Behavioural Alignment\n- Mimicking/copying/coordinating
Reciprocal Attention\n- Exchanging info/cues
Joint Attention\n- Attending to same thing
Communication\n- Conveying intention/info
Social Decision-Making\n- Using social info to make decisions
Group Dynamics\n- Relationship among multiple people
Limitation\n- Tasks suggested MN & MNN independent\n - So traditionally studied independently
Charades Study (Schippers et al., 2010)\n- Participants played charades in MRI\n - Measure brain activity in naturalistic gestures\n- Pairs took turns in fMRI scanner\n - One partner generate gesture & other decode gesture from video\n- Similarity of activity in gesturer & guesser examined\n - Time series of both aligned\n- Action related areas & mentalising areas in guesser coordinated w. activity in gesturer
3rd Person Task\n- Passive observation
Advantage\n- Easy to control\n - Present stimulus & measure response\n- Easy to recruit\n - Single participant needed\n- Easy to analyse\n - Data from single participant
Types of 3rd Person Task\n- Single-brain
Single-Brain Approach (Schilbach & Redcay, 2019)\n- Most neuroscience studies\n- Stimulus-response\n - Non-interactive stimulus
Insights from Results\n- Mentalising network\n- Insights
Mentalising Network\n- Brain regions involved w. inferring mental states\n - Thinking about what others are thinking
Insights\n- Valuable insights into social cognition
Limitation\n- May not capture full complexity of real-world social interactions\n - Involve dynamic exchanges between multiple people
Addressing Limitation\n- Some researcher begun to develop new paradigm\n - Involve 2 interacting participants
Important Networks\n- Mentalising Network\n- Reward/affective network\n- Mirror neurone network
Mentalising Network\n- Reflect on mental states of others
Mentalising Network Locations\n- In cortex\n - TJP/STS, aTL, IFG, aTL\n- Subcortical\n- PCC/PCUN, dmPFC, vmPFC
Reward/Affective Network\n- Cortical\n - AI, Amygdala\n- Subcortical\n - ACC, OFC, VS
Mirror Neurone Network\n- Help understand actions\n - Active when performing & watching others perform actions
Mirror Neuron Network Location\n- Cortical\n - IPL/IPS, vPMC