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Henry VIII - Coggle Diagram
Henry VIII
Wolsey
reputation of being a friend to the poor by using the Court of the Star Chamber more (from 12 to 120 cases in a year)
had to set up a series of 'overflow tribunals' to deal with the pressure of the Court of the Star Chamber
used Court of Requests to hear cases from poor people and championed the laws against enclosure for land of sheep- was popular as there was a low cost of bringing a case and there were fast decisions
Court of Chancery was in huge demand as a result of his actions and because he got distracted by foreign policy
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the tudor subsidy was more realistic as it was based on more accurate valuations of the taxpayers' wealth
he raised £322,099 in subsidies
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government spending between 1509 and 1520 was £1.7million and his gains in income could not finance war with France
1522 national survey gained around £200,000 in forced loans from 1522-23 which was not enough for his foreign policy and expensive period of inflation
1526 debasement of coinage (increased number of coins in circulation but decreased weight of silver coins) stimulated exports
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trade embargo against Spain affected the cloth trade very badly and coincided with one of he worst harvests of this period in 1527
many riots in spring of 1528 due to first occasion in Tudors where economic depression and price rises caused substantial suffering among the poor
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Eltham Ordinances were an attempt to ensure his political supremacy but came to nothing as he found other ways of maintaining his power
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secured removal of 'minions' in Privy Chamber in 1519 and replaced them, but most managed to recover their positions
the Pope's representative in England , Cardinal, and Papal Legate (appointed by Pope to act on his behalf)
religion
instructed Bishops to carry out their duty ore thoroughly and ordered inspections of the quality of religious life in monasteries and other religious institutions- led to the dissolution
wanted to promote religious learning to improve the quality of the clergy, and was partly funded by the dissolution of some monasteries
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encouraged Henry to take a stand against the new ideas of the German reformer Martin Luther, which led to the public burnings of the Lutheran texts- Henry was rewarded the title of Defender of the Faith by the Pope
religion
the control of the Bible in Latin gave the Church more power, as nobody could challenge the Church due to few being able to read Latin as it was beyond most people's education
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Erasmus started translating the Bible into Greek and Luther (a radical monk) said the Bible didn't say the Church was the only way to get into Heaven. his ideas triggered revolution in Europe
William Tyndale wanted to write a book that everybody was able to read/hear, but had to hide while translating it due to risk of torture or death
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he translated the New Testament, and fled when 3000 copies were to be shipped to England
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Luther and Tyndale's texts were ceremoniously burnt (Wolsey's idea) but people disliked the burning of Tyndale's Bible.
Tyndale opposing the Church was mirrored in Henry's changed opinions of the Catholic Church when he wished for an annulment with Catherine of Aragon
Tyndale argued God was superior to the Pope, and since he 'appoints kings', Henry had the authority to annul the marriage
however, he published another book in 1530 which contradicted Henry's views by using the Bible against him, to which Cromwell made him a deal of him returning to England if there was a Bible in English common tongue but rejected knowing he'd be killed
1531 addressed Parliament saying he was the Head of the Church, rejecting the authority of the Pope, to which More said how the Church is more important than the Bible
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Tyndale was caught and executed for heresy on 6 October 1536
1535, Cromwell commissioned the English Bible- 3 years after his death, 8500 copies were readily available but Henry wanted to write Tyndale out of history so no references of him were made in any copy but he did still have significance in history
early government
the council
used by Henry from 1509 to 1514 until it broke down due to disagreements of war with France
he changed those in the Council to be surrounded with like-minded young courtiers
court of the chancery
bypassed the Church's court system Wolsey used the courts as lord Chancellor to deal with problems relating to enclosure, contracts, and land left to others in wills as being Lord Chancellor, he had the right to preside over the court of the chancery and use it to uphold 'fair justice'
was very popular
but became too popular as justice became slow due to it becoming clogged up with too many cases
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privy chamber
the one area of government outside Wolsey's immediate control (before 1519)
role was extended during Henry VII when the King's 'minions' (courtiers who enjoyed his personal favour) became Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber
Henry VIII removed these minions and replaced them with his own supporters in 1519, but most managed to recover their positions
Henry shifted from Council to Chamber
1526, Wolsey introduced The Eltham Ordinances to reform the finances of the Privy Chamber/council to make it more efficient
secured removal of Henry's Groom of the Stool (very significant person) with a replacement of a more compliant
secured reduction in number of Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber (the one area of government he didn't have control of) to reduce royal household expenditure and disliked their influence
parliament
to grant extraordinary revenue to the crown and to pass laws could also advise the King but neither Henry VII or VIII (in early years due to Wolsey) saw the need
summoned in 1510,12,15,23 before 1529
his first minister Wolsey regarded Parliament with distaste and only one was called during his period of dominance (23 in 14-29) while Cromwell exploited them more
secured him revenue but conflict between his impulsive personality and his conservative councillors meant governance via councils broke down
'tudor subsidy'
method of gaining extraordinary revenue Wolsey made a change to the way subsidies were collected- set up a national committee (that he headed) instead of using local commissioners to assess taxpayers' wealth (as thought were too generous)
only some bypassed Parliament
Parliament disliked this new subsidy and Wolsey
amount raised for war with France was insufficient
he trained to raise unparliamentary taxation through the Amicable Grant of 1525 but nearly led to a rebellion
early years
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overall, his early years as King were successful in his key aims with his smart tactical moves, however the costly war with France was quite unsuccessful