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DNA Repair, Prokaryotes, Transcription - Coggle Diagram

- - - - RNA Polymerase Requirements
      - Template DNA
      - rNTPs (ATP, GTP, UTP, CTP)
      - Divalent ion (Mg²⁺ or Mn²⁺)
      - Directionality
      - RNA synthesis 5′→3′
      - No primer needed
  - - - Holoenzyme: α₂ββ′σω
      - Core enzyme: α₂ββ′ω (no σ)
      - σ: Recognises promoters
  - - - Key Promoter Elements
      - -10 (Pribnow box)
      - -35 sequence
    - - Initiation
      - σ subunit → binds promoter → released after ~9-10 nt
      - Efficiency
      - Strong vs. weak promoters
      - Transcription factors (TFs) enhance initiation
  - - - Transcription Bubble
      - 17 bp unwound DNA
      - 8 bp RNA–DNA hybrid
      - Elongation Speed
      - ~50 nt/sec
      - Proofreading
      - Higher error rate than DNA replication (1 error per 10⁴-10⁵ nt)
  - - - Intrinsic (Rho-independent)
      - RNA hairpin + U-rich sequence
      - Rho-dependent
      - Rho protein unwinds RNA-DNA hybrid (ATP-dependent)