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Reactions of Hydrocarbons - Coggle Diagram
Reactions of Hydrocarbons
Addition Ractions (Double bonds and triple bonds)
The reactions of Unsaturated Hydrocarbons when added to a range of chemicals:
Hydrogens
Halogens
Hydrogen Halides
Water
Hydrogenation
Addition reaction involving diatomic Hydrogen.
Catalyst: Nickle, Platinum, or Palladium
Alkynes and Alkenes will undergo Hydrogenation similarly.
Halogenation and Hydrohalogenation
Halogenation: Addition/ Substitution raction involving the addition of one or more Halogen atom.
Could be: Fluorination, Chlorination, bromination or iodination, etc
Hydrohalogenation: When the addition of Halogen occurs via reaction with a Hydrogen Halide
Unsaturated, straight Hydrocarbon = formation of Haloalkenes and Haloalkanes
Hydration
Mechanism
1st: The acid pronates the double bond to form a carbonation.
The positively charged carbonation attracts the slightly negatively charged end of water to form an intermediate with the water molecule bonded
Positively charge of this intermediate attracts another water molecule = deprotonates it to reform the acid catalyst.
An Addition reaction involving the addition of water or its elements
Alkenes produce Alcohols when they undergo Hydration.
Catalyst: Dilute Sulfuric acid or phosohoric acid and heat
Alkynes generally produce ketones when udergoing Hydration.
When Ketone cannot be produced (Hydration of Ethyne), an Aldehyde will be formed instead.
Dehydration
Mechanism
1st: Acid donate protons to the alcohol. If excess water is present, the acidic catalyst will donate protons to the water instead.
The electrons shift down towards the pronated Hydroxyl group due to its positive charge.
Catalyst: concentrated sulfuric or phosphoric acid and heat
Alkynes to Alkenes and water and Akenes to Alkanes and water
Halogenation by substitution
Saturated Hydrocarbons may react with Halogens but a substitution reaction takes place. Where an existing functional group is replaced by another.
Requires an additional input of energy (usually UV lights).
Single bonds are less reatcive than double or triple bonds
Radical substitution mechanism
A free radical is an atom, molecule, or ion which has one or more unpaired valence electrons, which makes them highly reatcive.
Radical substitution reactions such as the Halogenation of Alkanes, UV lights serves the bond in the Halogen molecule to form 2 Halogen radicals.
Highly reactive radicals attack the Hydrocarbon involve to serve a C-H bond = the formation of a Hydrocarbon and Hydrogen radical.
The Hydrogen radical reacts with the Halogen radical to form a Hydrogen Halide.
The remaining Halogen radical reacts with the remaining Hydrocarbons radical to form a Halogenated Hydrocarbon.
Oxidation of Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons (ex: Alkenes and Alkynes) may be oxidised in the presence of a strong oxidising agents (ex: Acidified Dichromate and Permanganate).
The oxidation of Alkenes result in the production of a diol, which then oxidised to form Carbonyl groups when a strong oxidising agent is used.
The Oxidation of Alkynes = formation of Dicarbonyl which then oxidises to form Carboxyl groups when a strong oxidising agent is used.