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Digestive&Urinary System Santino Llorens P.5 - Coggle Diagram
Digestive&Urinary System Santino Llorens P.5
Digestive Functions
Main Functions
break down food into nutrients
Absorb nutrients into bloodstream
Remove indigestible and waste remains from body
Ingest food
Alimentary Canal (GI Tract) Functions
Digest; break food down into nutrients
Absorb; take nutrients through lining into bloodstream
Motility of the small intestine
Peristalsis:propulsion of food; alternating
waves of contraction and relaxation
Segmentation: Mixes/moves contents toward ileocecal valve
Urinary Organs
Urethra: Muscular tube that drains urinary bladder
Urinary Bladder: Muscular sac for temporary storage of urine
Ureters: slender tubes that convey urine from kidneys to bladder
Kidneys; three distinct regions:
Renal Medulla: deep to cortex, composed of cone-shaped medullary (renal) pyramids
Renal Pelvis: funnel-shaped tube continuous with ureter
Minor Calyces: cup-shaped areas that collect urine draining from pyramidal papillae
Major Calyces: Areas that collect urine from minor calyces
Renal Cortex: granular-appearing superficial region
Digestion
Six Essential Activities
Ingestion
Propulsion:Transporting food through GI Tract
Mechanical breakdown: chewing, saliva breaking down food, churning
Digestion: Catabolic steps involving enzyme breaking down food
Absorption: Nutrient passing into bloodstream from GI Tract
Defecation: Removal of waste via anus
Homeostatic Imbalance
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI): Bacteria growth in urethra; sexual activity and pregnancy can increase risk; burning while urinating
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): chronic, esophageal sphincter relaxes; obesity and frequent acid reflux increase risk; heartburn and dry cough
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): Chronic complex intestinal condition; unknown causes; cramping, anemia, loss of appetite
Urinary Functions
Regulating total water volume and total solute concentration in water
– Regulating ion concentrations in extracellular fluid (ECF)
– Ensuring long-term acid-base balance
– Excreting metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs
– Producing erythropoietin (regulates blood pressure and renin (regulates RBC
production)
– Activating vitamin D
– Carrying out gluconeogenesis, if needed
Digestive Organs
Alimentary Canal (GI Tract)
Continuous muscular tube; runs from the mouth to anus
Mouth
Pharynx
esophagus
GI Tract Layers
Submucosa: Areolar CT, abundant elastic tissues help organs to regain shape after storing large meal; Contains blood and lymphatic vessels, lymphoid follicles, and submucosal nerve
plexus, supply surrounding GI tract tissues
Muscularis externa; Muscle; responsible for segmentation and peristalsis
Mucosa:Tunic layer that lines lumen; secretes, absorbs, protects
Serosa: outermost, consists of visceral peritoneum
small intestine; three subdivisions:
Jejunum: attached posteriorly by mesentery
Ileum: attached posteriorly by mesentery; joins large intestine
at ileocecal valve
Duodenum: mostly retroperitoneal; curves around head of
pancreas
Villi: Fingerlike projections of mucosa; core containing dense
capillary bed and lymphatic capillary-called lacteal-for absorption
Microvilli: Cytoplasmic extensions of mucosal cell; fuzzy appearance called brush border containing membrane-bound enzymes (brush border enzymes), used for final carbohydrate and protein digestion
Large Intestine
anus
Stomach
Accessory Digestive Organs
Teeth
Tongue
Gallbladder
Digestive glands
Liver
Pancreas
Salivary glands