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Digestive & Urinary System Jasmine Baez Period 5 - Coggle Diagram
Digestive & Urinary System
Jasmine Baez
Period 5
Nephron Anatomy & Physiology
Renal Tubule & Collecting Duct
Has a single layer of epithelial cell; each region has its own function
2. Nephron Loop
Descending Limb: Continuous w/ proximal tubule, the distal portion; simple squamous epithelium.
Ascending Limb: Thick ascending limb; sometimes thin, cuboidal/ columnar cells.
3. Distal Convoluted Tubule
Cuboidal cells w/ very few microvilli.
Function:
Secretion.
Confined to cortex.
1. Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Closest to Renal Corpuscle
Cuboidal cells w/ dense microvilli that form brush border, increases surface area w/ large mitochondria.
Functions:
Re-absorption & secretion.
Confined to cortex.
Structural and functional units that form urine in the Kidneys.
Renal Corpuscle
Has two parts
1. Glomerulus
Tuft of capillaries composed of fenestrated endothelium
Highly porous capillaries
Allows for efficient
filtrate
formation
Filtrate: Plasma-derived fluid that renal tubules process to form urine
2. Glomerular capsule (Bowman's capsule)
Cup-shaped, hollow structure surrounding glomerulus.
2 layers
Parietal layer: Simple Squamous Epithelium
Visceral layer: Clings to glomerular capillaries; branching epithelial podocytes.
Digestive Enzymes
Proteases
Breaks down proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids.
Produced
in the Pancreas where it is then released into the small intestine.
Produced
in the Stomach as a pepsin, a type of protease.
Amylase
Breaks down carbohydrates into smaller sugars.
Produced
in the Pancreas.
Produced
in Salivary Glands.
Lipases
Breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
Produced
in the Pancreas, Salivary Glands, and Stomach, then released into the Small Intestine.
Nucleases
Breaks down nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) into smaller units called nucleotides.
Produced
in the Pancreas and Small Intestine.
Major Functions of the Digestive System
Break it down into nutrient molecules
Mechanical break down in the mouth
Chemical break down in the stomach
Absorb molecules into the bloodstream
Passage of digested fragments from the lumen of GI tract into bloodstream or lymph system
Take in food/liquids
Taking in food/liquids through the mouth
Rid body of any indigestible remains
Feces
Disorders of the Digestive & Urinary Systems
Digestive Disease's
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
A chronic complex intestinal condition that causes inflammation in the digestive tract, includes Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis.
Causes:
Unkown, maybe genetic/ environmental/ immune.
Symptoms:
Abdominal pain, cramping, diarrhea.
Treatment:
Medication, fluid replacement, antibiotics.
Peptic Ulcers
Sores that develop in the lining of the stomach or the duodenum.
Causes:
Imbalance in gastric juices, excess acid production, stress.
Symptoms:
Heartburn, vomiting, bloody vomit/ stool.
Treatment:
Lifestyle changes, medication, endoscopic surgery.
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
A chronic disease that occurs when the esophageal sphincter relaxes, allowing the contents of the stomach to move back into the esophagus.
Causes/Risks:
Frequent acid reflux, weak esophageal, smoking.
Symptoms:
Heartburn, chest pain, difficulty swallowing (dysphagia).
Treatment:
Medication (counter/prescribed), surgery.
Colon Diseases
Colorectal Cancer
Uncontrolled cell growth in the colon
Risks:
Chemical exposure, diet, radiation.
Symptoms:
Change in bowel movements, bloody stool, bloating.
Treatment:
Surgery, chemotherapy, medication.
Polyps
Growths
Risks:
Age, history of polyps, diet.
Symptoms:
Change in bowel movements, bloody stool, diarrhea.
Treatment:
Surgery, diet changes
Cholecystitis
An inflammation of the gall bladder.
Causes:
Blockage of gall duct, digestive tumors, gallstones.
Symptoms:
Tender Abdomen, bloating, vomiting.
Treatment:
Medication, fasting, antibiotics.
Urinary Disease's
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
An abnormal growth of bacteria anywhere along the Urinary tract combined with symptoms (mostly occurs in bladder).
Risks (in women):
Diabetes, sexually active, pregnant/ menopausal.
Symptoms:
Burning feeling when peeing, pain in lower pelvic area, bloody/ cloudy urine.
Treatment:
Antibiotics, medication.
Kidney Stones
When urine has high levels of minerals and salts, hard stones can form (silent or deadly).
Causes:
Chronic UTI, poor bladder, long-term tubes in kidney/ bladder.
Symptoms:
Sharp pain in lower abdomen/ groin, intense need to urinate, burning feeling when urinating.
Treatment:
Wait for stones to pass on their own, medication, surgery.
Bladder Cancer
Body cells grow out of control in bladder.
Causes:
Blood in urine, malignant tumors, or no symptoms.
Symptoms:
Frequent need to pee, pain when peeing, pain in lower abdomen.
Treatment:
Chemotherapy, surgery, well-balanced diet.
Location of Digestion & Absorption
Digestion
Mouth
Mechanical digestion through teeth and the secretion of saliva, which starts the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates.
Esophagus
Uses peristalsis (muscle contraction) to move food bolus to the stomach.
Stomach
Mixes food with acids and enzymes, further breaking down food into smaller particles.
Small Intestine
Where a
majority
of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occurs.
Duodenum received chyme from stomach and digestive secretions from the pancreas/ liver.
Jejunum is primary site for chemical digestion and absorption.
Ileum Absorbs remaining nutrients and bile acids.
Large Intestine
Absorbs water and electrolytes, forming feces.
Absorption
Small Intestine
Duodenum receives chyme from the stomach and digestive juices from the liver & pancreas.
Jejunum absorbs carbohydrates, fats, minerals, proteins and vitamins.
Ileum absorbs bile acids, fluid and vitamin B-12.
Stomach
Mixes food with digestive juices and begins digestion of proteins, but nutrient absorption is limited.
Large Intestine
Absorbs water and electrolytes from undigested food waste.
Major Functions of the Urinary System
Blood Pressure Regulation
Kidneys produce hormone called
renin
that influences blood volume and pressure.
Acid-Base Balance Regulation
Kidneys help maintain the body's pH balance by excreting excess hydrogen ions & regulating the reabsorption of bicarbonate in the blood.
Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
Urine helps maintain the body's water and electrolyte balance by controlling the amount of fluid/ electrolytes excreted in urine.
Vitamin D Activation
Kidneys are involved in the activation of vitamin D, which is important for calcium absorption and bone health.
Waste Excretion
The Kidneys filter blood, removing urea, excess salts, and other products the body doesn't need. The waste is then excreted as urine.
Erythropoietin Production
Kidneys produce erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells in bone marrow.
Layers of GI Tract
Continuous muscular tube that runs from mouth to anus.
- Organs:
Mouth -> Pharynx -> Esophagus -> Stomach -> Small Intestine -> Large Intestine -> Anus
- Functions:
Digest food by breaking it down into smaller fragments, Absorbs those fragments into blood.
Layers
2. Submucosa
Consists of areolar connective tissue
Consists of blood/ lymph vessels, lymphoid follicles, and submucosal nerve plexus supplying surrounding GI tract tissues.
3. Muscularis Externa
Muscle layer responsible for
segmentation
&
peristalsis
.
Contains inner circular muscle layer & outer longitudinal layers
Circular layer thickens in some areas to form
sphincters
.
1. Mucosa
Tunic layer that lines lumen and is the innermost layer.
Functions:
Secretes mucus/ digestive enzymes/ hormones, absorbs digested nutrients, protects against infectious disease.
4. Serosa
The outermost layer.
Made up of the visceral peritoneum.
Reduce friction between the gut and surrounding organs and structures during movements.
Major Organs of the Urinary System
Ureters
Two tubes that carry urine from kidneys to the Urinary Bladder.
Urinary Bladder
A sac-like organ that stores urine until it is excreted.
Kidneys
Two bean-shaped organs that function as filtration units, removing waste and excess water from the blood to produce urine.
Urethra
A tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body.
Major Organs of the Digestive System
Stomach
Temporarily stores food, converts
bolus
into
chyme
. Mixes in enzymes such as
pepsin
and gastric acids like
hydrochloric acid
while breaking down proteins. The stomach is lined by a thick layer of mucus to protect it against the acid.
Esophagus
Muscular tube connecting the mouth to the stomach, uses peristalsis to push food down to the stomach
Small Intestine
Mixes
chyme
with digestive juices from the liver and pancreas to further break down proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. Then absorbs the needed nutrients and water, transporting them into the bloodstream and lymphatic system. Undigested waste is passed into the large intestine.
Mouth
Food is mechanically broken down by teeth and mixed with saliva containing enzymes to break down carbohydrates
Rectum
Temporarily stores feces received from the colon until it is time to release.
Accessory Organs
Gall Bladder
Stores and concentrates
bile
from the liver by absorbing the water and ions.
Pancreas
Produces
pancreatic juices
that neutralize the stomach acid and breaks down fats, proteins and carbohydrates using digestive enzymes.
Liver
Produces and secretes
bile
and stores it in the
gall bladder
. Processes and purifies the blood containing newly absorbed nutrients that are coming from the small intestine.
Large Intestine
Absorbs water and electrolytes from waste to help solidify it. Combines remaining waste with mucus to form
feces
. Large intestine contracts to push waste to rectum.