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Attachment and Emotion - Coggle Diagram

- - - - the separation distress indicates specific bond - usually for primary caregiver
      - culturally universal - even with differences in child rearing
      - display of sep. distress changes as infants age ie cry > crawl > asking for them
  - - - idea that infant has one where quality of early experiences/interactions set template for how build expectations for future relationships
      - persists over time
      - continuity of attachment patterns across generations - ie parents IWM may then be passed down
  - - - birth - child content, smiling at internal states, no particular reason
      - as get older smile at tactile/external stimuli to faces
      - then by 6 mths - smile of recognition - smile due to KNOWN person who like to be with
    - - like feedback loop - child's bhvr elicits +ve respond in caregiver eliciting further +ve responses in child etc
      - ev. - frozen face experiment - by 1.5 mths babies get uneasy/distressed if adults keep still face - since child EXPECT rhythmic pattern in social interaction (expect smile back)
    - - from around 7 mths - look to others to see how to react - parents bhvrs can impact here child's social dev.
      - inc. joint attention/gaze following - child and parent focused on same object and child recognises having shared social experience
      - also eg. picking up on caregiver's phobias/anxiety informs then how they react
    - - maybe more important for primates (evolutionary advantage)
- - - - 2 reunions and 2 separation episodes
    - - secure
        
        70% - sensitive parenting styles, explore when with mother, easily comforted by mother when returns, show distress at separation
      - insecure-avoidant
        
        20% - explore when with mother, NOT upset when separation, avoid mother when return/ignore
      - insecure-resistant
        
        10% - less likely to explore, MOST distressed when mother leaves, stays close to mother at return but may act angry
      - insecure-disorganised
        
        linked to abuse and neglect in early life
        
        repetitive and erratic bhvrs at separation
        
        retreat etc at return
      - some longitud. studies examine consequences of early attachment - ie insecurely attached MORE likely to experience physical illness (Puig et al 2013)
  - - - no consensus on influence of child's temperament
      - IWM transferred by parents inter-generationally - if parents who were insecurely attached - may inorm how respond to their children
    - - like -ve feedback loop, difficult child > parent harsher and less patient > more distressed and difficult child etc
      - but also parent may be more warmer as child is calmer so bhvr can worsen OR alleviate
    - - ie Japan - more type C (insecure-resistant) - more likely to sleep and be closer with parents than US so greater sep. distress
      - presents need to adapt to cultures' different rearing practicses
      - Strange situation may be more OR less "strange" across diff. cultures
  - - - reduced exploration and motor actions
      - reacting with terror, anger, cling frantically
      - vacant stares
      - rocking back and forth, biting/banging
      - 37% of these babies died by age 2
      - steeper decline in cogntive devop. longer in institution vs community
      - disinhibited attachment bhvrs greater for later adopted children after 6 mths (indiscrim. affection/overfriendliness)
    - - monkeys raised in isolation in empty cage
      - while showed that bonded more with cloth mother despite not providing mlk showed importance of contact comfort
      - devastating effects - sim responses to humans - still didn't develop great social skills
        
        unable to socialise with other monkeys, easily bulied, extreme bhvr like rocking compulsively, difficulty mating and females later unable to be adequate mothers
- - - - GREATER peripheral oxytocin response during infant interaction and just by playing
      - greater activation of hypothalamus/pituitary region in response to OWN vs unknown child
      - peripheral oxytoicn response correlated with activation of hypo./pituitary region in response to OWN neutral faces
      - greater activation for own > unknown in regions linked to dopaminergic reward responses to happy faces (ie ventral striatum)/areas rich with oxytocin ie lateral pref cortex/hypothal.
    - - less reward activation for own happy infants
      - activation of dlPFC - linked to cog. ctrl - in response to own sad infants and activation of insula (social emotions like pain/disgust) for OWN sad infants
- - - - ie activity and positive affect linked to extroversion, ageeableness - importance of environment being well suited of temperamental style - same environment not ideal for all infants
      - missing - environment influence
        
        parent's patterns serve as models for children's emotional expression
        
        siblings AND parents' specific reactions can +vely/-vely reinforce certain emotions, even peers
        
        parents as emotional coaches - talking abt them, exploring understanding, and can even reframe infant's problematic tendencies to learn what is more appropriate +ve responses
  - - - emotions = PRODUCT of bio. factors
      - ev. of indiv. differences in temperament
      - twin studies - emotional expression most similar for identical - greater genetic similarity = more similar emotional profiles
    - - child's fears depend on what learned
      - different emotions have different onset ages/frequencies/intensities due to different environments
      - vary based on rearing environments
      - parents can reinforce/reward/punish certain emotions through operant conditoning ie scolding child for crying (-ve reinforcement) and +vely responding to their smile/laugh
    - - emotions help achieve GOALS, adaptive, survival
      - likely to influence caregiver's actions
      - communication ie disgust response signals harmful substance
      - fear -- maintaining self integrity > flight enables to avoid and escape danger
      - anger > end state child wants > desires/displays of power communicated
      - sadness -- goal = end state child wants >> conserves energy by withdrawing/ encourages nurturing response from caregiver
  - - - from general (contentment/interest/distress) to more specialised distress > fear/anger/sadness/disgust
    - - secondary - from 18 mths - complex emerge later
        
        simple embarassment, envy empathy >> role of self-conscious thought needed - parallel stages of cognitive development where realise own thoughts unique to us and differ from others
        
        older towards 3 trs - complex embarassment, pride, shame, guilt - require incorporation of rules and norms AND self-conscious thought - so require internalisation of moral rules/norms/social standards
      - guilt - leads us to reduce - culturally specific
      - embarassment - induced as young as 2 - related to self-understanding (self conscious thought)
      - machiavellian emotions = manipulative, expressed but NOT felt - ie expressing disgust TO successfully avoiding eating vegetables
      - jealousy - expressed differently in 6 mths old vs 13 yr old - discomfort/facial expression