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attachment - Coggle Diagram

- - - - CRITICAL ATTACHMENT
        
        must form attachment from birth-2.5 years
        
        if a child doesn't form attachment it is damaged socially
      - MONOTROPY
        
        one intense attachment formed with their mother
        
        if mother is unavailable infant can bond with present adult mother substitute
        
        law of continuity the better the continutity, the stronger the attachment
        
        **law of accumulated seperation- negative effects of every seperation add up over time
      - SOCIAL RELEASERS
        
        both physical + behavioural
        
        cues which 'unlock' innate tendency in adults to care for them
        
        physical baby face/ body proportions
        
        behavioural crying, cooing
      - INTERNAL WORKING MODEL
        
        through monotropic attachment, infant forms model for early attachment
        
        all future relationships are based off early attachment relationship
        
        if first bond is positive, they will expect all future relationships to be as such
      - ADAPTIVE
        
        adaptive behaviour
        
        natural selection- developed for survival
    - - strengths
        
        support for social releasers
        
        BRAZLETON et al 1975 observed mothers and babies
        
        found interactional synchrony
        
        then when primary attachment ignored baby (social releasers), the baby distressed but then stopped
        
        strong reaction supports idea of significance of social behaviour in eliciting caregiving
        
        support for IWM
        
        BAILEY AT AL 2007 tested idea that if IWM patterns of attachment will be passed from one to another down gens
        
        99 mothers with 1 yr old babies were interviewed about attachment type with their own mother
        
        the ones who reported bad relationship were more likely to be observed as poor with own baby
        
        LORENZ 1935
        
        critical period of geese where they formed attachment
        
        monotropy when the geese were mixed with mother, still followed Lorenz
        
        HARLOW
        
        babies chose soft mother, over milk wire mother
        
        HAZAN AND SHAVER 1987
        
        in questionnaire by volunteers
        
        positive correlation between attachment type in childhood and later love experiences
        
        IWM
      - weaknesses
        
        critical period or sensitive?
        
        some research finds children that don't form attachments in the critical period, and it is possible to form outside of 0-2.5yrs
        
        called the sensitive period
        
        deterministic
        
        suggests that you can't change future relationships if poor initial attachment
        
        socially sensitive
        
        BURMAN 1994 suggests that the idea of a poor initial attachment leading to various life issues places burden on mothers
  - - - strengths
        
        conditioning relevant
        
        conditioning is widely agreed to be part of attachment, but the idea that it is just food is not accurate
        
        association between PCG and comfort/social interaction more likely
      - weaknesses
        
        counter-evidence from animals
        
        LORENZ 1935 geese imprinted before they were fed and maintained these attachments regardless of who fed them
        
        HARLOW 1958 monkeys attached to soft surrogate regardless of wire mother feeding them
        
        counter-evidence from humans
        
        SCHAEFFER AND EMERSON 1964 many babies developed primary attachment to their biological mother even though carers did most feeding
        
        if attachment was based only on food, there would be no purpose for interactional synchrony etc.
  - - - PROCEDURE
        
        16 rhesus monkeys with two surrogate mothers
        
        in cond one the wire mother didn't give out milk, instead the cloth mother it
        
        in cond 2 the wire mother gave milk and the cloth mother did not
      - FINDINGS
        
        when frightened both monkeys attached themselves to the cloth mother
        
        contact comfort was more important to monkeys than food when it came to attachment behaviour
      - EVALUATION AO3
        
        strengths
        
        practical value
        
        has helped social workers understand implications of child abuse and child neglect so they can intervene
        
        weaknesses
        
        ethical issues
        
        monkeys followed into adulthood
        
        found found aggression and struggle mating
        
        violent to own children- killing in some cases
    - - PROCEDURE
        
        randomly seperated a clutch of goose eggs into 2
        
        incubated half the eggs and hatched them with him and made sure he was the first thing they saw
        
        the experimental group followed Lorenz everywhere even when mixed in with mother
      - FINDINGS
        
        this backs up Bowlby's theory of attachment
      - EVALUATION AO3
        
        strengths
        
        backs up bowlby's theory of monotropy
        
        field experiment
        
        external validity
        
        weaknesses
        
        results may not be applicable to humans
        
        babies can't move and show their attachment, also doesn't account for human emotion
- - - - practical application
        
        draws attention to importance of early years of child's life to later development
        
        results went on to shape key ideas e.g. maternity leave to care for child
    - - research issues lacked control group
        
        both groups had been referred to Bowlby for issues
        
        no one had no issues e.g. ordinary school children
        
        Bowlby himself recognised this
        
        undermines theory cause of research
      - potentially biased
        
        carried out own research so knew what results he wanted
        
        already aware of each child's history so may have been unconsciously biased
        
        info collected from mother is retrospective, mother may avoid bad event
- - - - PROCEDURE
        
        60 glasgow babies
        
        wc families
        
        babies and mums visited at home every month for 1 year, and then again at 18 months
        
        mothers asked questions about type of protest babies showed in seven everyday seperations- in relation to seperation/stranger anxiety
      - FINDINGS
        
        between 25 and 32 weeks around 50% babies showed seperation anxiety towards a particular adult- SPECIFIC ATTACHMENT
        
        attachment tended to be toward caregiver that was most sensitive to babies signals
        
        by 40 weeks 80% babies showed specific attachment, 30% showed multiple attachments
      - EVALUATION
        
        weaknesses
        
        limited sample characteristics
        
        all babies from same district and class
        
        can't be generalised over all cultures
        
        glasgow unstable economy at the time, so fathers out working and mothers would spend all time with babies- low temporal validity
        
        strengths
        
        good external validity
        
        exp in own home so accurate surroundings so baby comfortable in everyday life
        
        longitudinal design
        
        over a long period of time
        
        same children followed and observed
        
        increases internal validity because can control variables
        
        limits individual differences because same babies
    - - weaknesses
        
        problems studying asocial stage
        
        babies that are young have poor co-ordination
        
        difficult to make judgements based on observable bahviour because not much to work with
        
        conflicting evidence on multiple attachments
        
        some research indicates some babies have attachment to one main CG before can form other attachments- Bowlby
        
        HOWEVER in collectivist cultures, babies form multiple attachments from the outset
        
        measuring multiple attachments
        
        just because baby stressed when adult leaves the room, does not mean that individual is a TRUE attachment figure
        
        BOWLBY 1969 babies have playmates who they are upset without but not attached to
  - - - strengths
        
        support for validity
        
        babies assessed as secure typically go on to have better outcomes in many areas
        
        insecure-resistant associated with worse outcomes like bullying and mental health problems
        
        attachment types from strange situation have subsequent outcomes
        
        good reliability
        
        inter-rater reliability, different observers watching the children generally agree on each attachment type
        
        controlled conditions and behaviour categories are easy to observe
        
        BICK ET AL 2012 used trained strange-situation observers and found 94% agreement on attachment type
        
        attachment type NOT just dependent on who is observing them
      - weaknesses
        
        test may be culture-bound
        
        may not have the same meaning outside of Western Europe and USA
        
        cultural differences in childhood experiences vary responses to SS, caregivers from each culture react differently
        
        TAKAHASHI 1990 in japan babies and mothers are very rarely seperated so would have extreme sep anxiety
        
        attachment may not be the only reason for anxiety
        
        baby might have a temperament that is more important influence on behaviour than strange situation KAGAN
  - - - PROCEDURE
        
        32 studies of strange situation from all around world
        
        8 different countries
        
        5 individualist, 3 collectivist
      - FINDINGS
        
        individualist cultures (emphasising personal achievement) are more likely to have insecure avoidant as countries place emphasis on independence
        
        collectivist cultures (importance of family) are more likely to have insecure-resistant as strong attachment w parents as spend so much time with them
- - - - generalisation
        
        romanian children in an extreme situation
        
        what about children in good quality care
      - long term effects unclear
        
        stopped studying children at age 15
        
        what about later in life, might have gotten better into adulthood
    - - supporting research
        
        others looked into romanian orphans
        
        10 children PET scans with 17 adults and 7 children
        
        10 children had dysfunction in brain for impulsivity, attention and social skills
      - practical application
        
        importance of keyworker for children raised in institutions
        
        importance of early adoption
        
        importance of quality of care after institutionalisation