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Acids and Bases - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Carbonates contain metal or ammonium ions
      - Forms salt, water and carbon dioxide
      - acid + carbonate ---> salt + water + carbon dioxide
      - Testing for presence of carbon dioxide
        
        Limewater test
        
        If carbon dioxide is present
        
        Limewater turns cloudy/chalky/milky
      - Word Equation Examples
        
        nitric acid + sodium carbonate ---> sodium nitrate + water + carbon dioxide
        
        sulfuric acid + zinc carbonate ---> zinc sulfate + water + carbon dioxide
        
        hydrochloric acid + calcium carbonate ---> calcium chloride + water + carbon dioxide
    - - Forms salt and water
      - Neutralisation
        
        Solution formed is neutral
      - Word Equation Examples
        
        sulfuric acid + lithium hydroxide ---> lithium sulfate + water
        
        hydrochloric acid + zinc oxide ---> zinc chloride + water
        
        nitric acid + calcium oxide ---> calcium nitrate + water
    - - Produce salt and hydrogen
      - acid + metal ---> salt + hydrogen
      - Testing for presence of hydrogen
        
        Lighted Splint
        
        If hydrogen is present
        
        'Pop' Sound is produced
        
        Lighted splint extinguishes
      - Salts
        
        Neutral substances
        
        Name consists of two parts
        
        Allows us to know the identities of metal and acid used
        
        Examples
        
        nitric acid ---> nitrate salt
        
        sulfuric acid ---> sulfate salt
        
        hydrochloric acid ---> chloride salt
      - Word Equation Examples
        
        sulfuric acid + magnesium ---> magnesium sulfate + hydrogen
        
        sulfuric acid + sodium ---> sodium sulfate + hydrogen
        
        hydrochloric acid + calcium ---> calcium chlroide + hydrogen
  - - - Making fertilisers
      - Making detergents, paints and artificial plastics
      - Used in batteries for cars and buses
    - - Used in leather processing
      - Removal of rust from iron and steel objects
    - - Used in vinegar to preserve food
      - Used is making adhesives such as glue
    - - Use in preservative and flavouring in foods
    - - Used in the production of fertilisers
      - Used to make explosives, plastics, and medicinal drugs
- - - - Phenolphthalein
      - Methyl Orange
      - Litmus Paper
      - Bromophenol blue
  - - - A mixture of several indicators
      - Changes colours at different pH values
      - pH scale
        
        pH 3-4
        
        Orange
        
        pH 5-6
        
        Yellow
        
        pH 0-2
        
        Red
        
        pH 7
        
        Pale green
        
        pH 8-11
        
        Green blue
        
        pH 12-14
        
        Purple-violet
- - - - Mouth
        
        Enzymes work well in neutral conditions
      - Stomach
        
        Enzymes perform more efficiently in acidic conditions
      - Small intestines
        
        Enzymes work well in alkaline conditions
  - - - Most bacteria do not grow well in acidic conditions
  - - - Orchids, strawberries and apples
        
        Grow better in acidic soil of pH 5
      - Vegetables such as onions and lettuce
        
        Grow well in neutral soil
      - Chrysanthemum and water lilies
        
        Grow better in alkaline soil of pH 8
- - - - Oxides of metals
  - - - Definition
        
        Substances that react with acids to produce salt and water only
      - Examples
        
        Sodium oxide
        
        Copper (II) oxide
        
        Zinc oxide
        
        Iron (II) oxide
        
        Calcium oxide
    - - Definition
        
        Bases which are soluble in water
      - Examples
        
        Sodium hydroxide
        
        Potassium hydroxide
        
        Lithium hydroxide
        
        Ammonium hydroxide
- - - - Neutralisation
  - - - Neutralise excess acid in soil
    - - Used in antacid (indigestion tablet)
        
        To relieve pain of indigestion in the stomach caused by hydrochloric acid
    - - Used in antacid
      - Used in making toothpaste
    - - Used in floor and oven-cleaners
      - Used in making soaps and detergents
    - - Used in window cleaning solutions
- - - - Acids
        
        pH values less than 7
        
        Smaller the pH value, the stronger the acid is
      - Alkali
        
        pH values more than 7
        
        Larger the pH value, the stronger the alkali is