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Module 4 - Chapter 16 - Organic synthesis I - Coggle Diagram
Module 4 - Chapter 16 - Organic synthesis I
Synthetic routes reactions
Alkene to haloalkane
Hydrogen halide
RTP
Electrophilic addition
Alkene to alcohol
Steam
Phosphoric acid catalyst
300 degrees
60 atms
Electrophilic addition
Haloalkane to alcohol
Nucleophilic substitution
NaOH
Reflux
Alcohol to haloalkane
Sodium halide
Sulfuric acid
Reflux
Nucleophilic substitution
Alkene to alkane
Catalytic addition
Hydration
Nickel catalyst
150 degrees
Alcohol to alkene
Elimination (dehydration)
Phosphoric acid
Heat
Primary alcohol to aldehyde
Potassium dichromate
H+ ions
Distil
Oxidation
Primary alcohol/aldehyde to carboxylic acid
Oxidation
Potassium dichromate
H+ ions
Reflux
Secondary alcohol to ketone
Oxidation
Potassium dichromate
H+ ions
Reflux
Carboxylic acid/ alcohol to ester
Concentrated sulfuric acid
Reflux
Condensation
Alkanes to haloalkane
Radical substitution
Halogen (Br2)
UV light
Heating under reflux
Used to prepare an organic liquid without boiling off the solvent, reactant or product
Apparatus
Round bottom flask
Condenser
Rubber-tubing
Stand and clamp
Heat source
Reaction is carried out at a fixed temperature
Heating mantle can be used to that there isn't any naked flame
Anti bumping granules are added so that the contents will boil smoothly
Without granules, large bubbles form at the bottom and make the glassware vibrate
Condenser is kept in the upright posiiton - never put a stopper at the top as the closed system would lead to a pressure build up
Rubber tubing connects the inlet of the condenser to the tap and the outlet to the sink, water always enters at the bottom
Liquid will continually be boiled while the reaction takes place. Volatile components can't escape the flask
Vapour rises up the inner tube of the condenser until it meets the outer jacket containing the cold water. It condenses and drips back into the flask
Distillation
Distillation allows you to seperate a pure liquid from its impurities
Apparatus
Round bottom flask
Condenser
Rubber tubing
Heat source
Stand and clamp
Screw-cap adaptor
Receiver adaptor
Still head
Thermometer
Flask is clamped by its neck and T shpaed still head is connected to it
Ruber tubing is used to connected the inlet of the condenser to the tap and the outlet to the sink
Flask collects the distillate
Flask is heated and the mixtue starts to boil. Liquid with the lowest boiling point is the most volatile and boils first
Vapour moves out of the flask into other parts of the apparatus, leaivng behind the less volatile components of the mixture
When the vapours reach the condenser, they condense and become a liquid, which then drips into the collecting flask