Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Self and Social Identity - Coggle Diagram
Self and Social Identity
The Self
ourselves, self-concept, what we mean when we speak of ourselves (vs identity - who we are as distinct individuals, defined by place in social/cultural system)
-
The Mirror/Rouge test
-
-
dab of rouge makeup is placed on infant's face - if recognise where on face it is without mirror then classed as "recognising selves"
criticisms
-
2019 article argued that some fish species could pass test, few species also known to pass inc bottlenose dolphins, elephant
-
Gender Identity
gender
-
-
-
not limited by categories, change over time
-
-
-
-
Terminology
-
-
Gender role = role of bhr learned as appropriate to gender, largely determined by cultural norms
Gender expression = way someone expresses gender identity, this can be different to role ie man wearing a dress
Gender nonconformity = bhvr of gender expression does not match typical gender roles, shift towards referring to this as gender variance
-
-
-
issues
biased samples - overestimate or underestimate since only ppl willing to disclose labels taking part
-
-
politicisation of findings - fear of press, pressures of funding
Sexual Orientation
Defining - relative attraction based on gender and sex, or on gender and not sex? or on sex - but for this topic defined as = relative attraction to men/women
-
? better to represent as continuum or distinct categories make difference in terms of minority stress/phys. arousal
-
-
-
inability to be changed by others, outward pressures shldn't change what it is - why "conversion therapy" is dangerous and does not work as could lead to revert/negative consequences
-
-
-
prevalence of non-hetero = around 5-10% - difficult to determine rates of individ grps or separate subjective vs objective components + sociocultural pressures not to disclose label
sex differences
-
-
-
physiological sexual arousal follows subjective sexual orientation patterns for men but not for women - no "specific" pattern of arousal
sex differences even in developing - most of what we know points to causal factors for males but not females
Development
little ev. of social factors, og theories assosciated non-hetero. with poor learning/parenting/sociolisation
best guess is defined by complex interplay og genetic, hormonal and usually in utero factors
-
Bio. + genetic factors
mod. heritability rate for homosexuality, weaker ev for bisexuality
androgen exposure (This tells body to grow male sex organs and what primary/secondary sexual characteristics to develop) to fetus in utero - results in sex differentiation - disruption causes difference in gender expression AND sexual orientation
-
fraternal birth order effect predicts non-hetero in males - more older brothers, more likely the male is gay
unclear why cannot replicate for females - lack of consistent findings for females on bio/genetic factors and non-specificity of genitic arousal
differences in gender "milestones" btwn trans men/women/non binary - different devop pathways? - not enough ev
trans binary ppl report increased discrim compared to trans nonbinary ppl even ctrlling for age + ethnicity, need more nuanced analysis of outcomes, develop factors, more rep of "true population" and mitigate barriers to engage with such rsch
-
Relates to gender identity due to many same causal links like fraternal birth order/androgen exposure/heritability/gender nonconfirmity and ??ASD
-
non-hetero + gender nonconformity/trans relate to increased paraphilic interests and non-monogamous relationships - but need more quantitative data to back up
-
-
Generally rsch divides into 3 categories (hetero/gay or lesbian/ everything else), asexuality investigated separatelym but ? of categories or continuums better
continuums = better for rsch + oucomes, ev links to diff levels of minority stress, some ev. that newer labels experience more discrim vs category = better for personal identity
Ethnic Identity
ethnicity = social category, not everyone agrees race is only bio. characteristics - race as social construct capturing social classification of ppl too including culture/ses/genes
-
developmental intergrp theory - sense of self within wider grp leads to diff bhvrs/atttitudes for members of in-grp vs outgrp
group forms based on skin cololur/gender/native language/accent/ event as arbitrary as a shirt colour (Dunham et al 2011)
5-6 yr olds randomly allocated to green/blue shirt grp - heard stories both containing equal no's of positive and negative bhvrs abt child wearing green/blue shirt
children recalled signif. more positive bhvrs of children wearing same shirt as them, trend toward remembering more negative bhvrs of other kids
strong preference for ingrps as potential playmates even when outgrp children not engaging in provoc. bhvrs
-
-
outside US/Canada/Europe
-
implications with migration - ethnicity and race being social constructs means vary depending on where you are
not a lot of quantitative rsch outside tho some in China - some qual. in ctries in Africa/South Asia exploring ethnic identity in ctxt of national identity and how changed from historical/political events
-
importance of life experiences (Quintana 2007) - experiences of discrim. can lead to exploration of identity but intersectionality here, cultivating pride in identity assosciated with +ve outcomes ONLY when discrim infrequent + preparedness for discrim adaptive ONLY when discrim frequent (so discrim moderated experience of practicses to promote ethnic pride)
-
-