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health and medicine over the time - Coggle Diagram
health and medicine over the time
before 1750
the midle ages
Church had set up universities
Galen´s ideas were rediscovered
The Cristian Church power has grown
The black death kill aruond 40 porcent of the population
the ancient greeks
temples to the god of healing, ascelepius
sick people slept there
ascelepius and his daughters would heal you
natural causes and treatments
doctors tried to understand diseases
careful observation of the sick
during illness body fluids were expelled
ilness caused by an imbalance of the four humours
ancient times
.
serious ilnesses were treated by "medicine men"
natural causes
supernatural causes
midwafery and basic care for the sick were left to the left
The Renaissance
William Harvey
He studied at Cambridge University.
Harvey proved that the heart acted as a pump and that blood is carried away from the heart.
He showed that blood was re-circulated around the body by the heart.
Andreas Vesalius
Was a Belgian who studied medicine in France and Italy
His major achivement was to show that Galen had been wrong about elements of human anatomy.
Vesalius believed that it was important for knowledge and understanding for doctors to perform human dissections.
Ambroise Paré
Stopped using the Bioling oil as he did not think this worked, and insteadwould use bandages.
He also stopped cauterizing wounds and instead would tie the ends of arteries using silk thread to stop bleeding.
His major achievement was in surgery.
the Romans
professional medical treatements were expensive
ordinary people used family herbal medicines
asking the gods for help
built a temple to ascelepius
the most famous doctor was Galen
lived in the second century CE
followed hipocrates methods of observation
believed in the theory of the four humours
new idea: they could be rebalanced using opposites
interested in anatomy
learnt how the human parts were formed
wrote 60 books
combined greek ideas with roman teories
public health
keep cities and people clean
construct sewers, aqueducts
public bath-houses
19th century
Vaccinations - Smallpox
It was a terrible disease and there were outbreaks across the world periodicaly.
Chinese doctors would take a scraping from a smallpox scab and spread it onto a small open wound, giving the patient a mild dose of the disease.
The majority of people were too poor to afford the treatment.
Edward Jenner
He observed 23 different cases in which cowpox sufferrers had not gone onto develop smallpox when in contact with the disease.
He took matter from a cowpox sore and inserted it into to 2 small cuts on a healthy 8 year old boy.
To test his ideas, he inoculated the boy with smallpox on 2 different occasions and the boy was unaffected.He called this Vaccination.
women in medicine
Some women began to have a significant impact
Women still held the tradicional roles in medicine they had pleyed throughout
Elizabeth Blackwell was the first women to qualify as a doctor in USA
Germ Theory
Louis Pasteur
His theory was about tiny living organisms fall from the air nad cause decay.
Pasteur had an intrest in micro organism, he observed that one type of micro organism was multyplying fast and maybe had been the problem.
Koch
Developed a method of isolating and growing bacteria to observe.
Koch ispired other scintists to study the causes of diseases including pasteur himself.
Emil von Behring
He dicovered something that was that the animals produce anti-toxins, he injected them into humans to prevent diseases such as diphtheria.
Patrick Manson
He discovered that mosquitos were 'Carries' of a women that caused elephantitis. Scientists soon found that other diseases were spread by carriers.
Infection
Florence Nightingale
She came to prominence for asserting that cleanliness was critical to the recovery of injured soldiers.
There were improvements in the cleanliness of hospitals.
Joseph Lister
He experimented with carbolic acid and found that if this was sprayed over a wound during surgery it would heal better and gangrene would be prevented.
Instruments and clothing were sterilized regularly and thoroghly.
German surgeons began wearing face masks.
Blood Loss
blood could not be stored
the patient would often die
after the transfusion was given
threads used were
now sterilized before use
Public Health
industrialization, urbanization and population growth had an impact on the role played by goverments in public health
in Britain, sewers were built in cities to remove sewage and to imporve water supplies
by the end of the 19th century, goverments were:
providing clean water supplies
legislation was passed to:
prevent the pollution of rivers
improve the queality of food
make some vaccinations compulsory
providing sewers
surgery
all operations were appalling and traumatic
experiences, and many patients died of shock.
some hospitals had an 80 per cent death rate post operation
Surgery was still limited by three key obstacles: pain,
infection and blood loss.
20th century
WWI
Surgery
The Surgeons found that the cartilage and flap of the skin into the nasal cavity to create a new nose. Over time, the new tissue fused with the old and filled the hole.
Blood Loss
The discovery of blood groups and methods to store blood with saline greatly improved the success of transfusions during the war.
Infenction
Doctors found that cutting away infected tissue and soaking the wound in saline had the best results.
WWII
penicillin
penicillin was rediscovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928 who realized its potential to fight diseases but had no money to develop it.
surgical techniques
there were advances in surgical techniques and the development of a more effective blood transfussion system
combating deseases
there were important advances in preventing and treating deseases such as Malasia and Tetanus.
public health
goverments especially in Britain took major steps to improve public health, the National Health Service was created and healthcare was now free for all
Enlightenment ( scientific revolution)
move towards new thinking and a focus on scientific explanation
modern science evolved into what we understand it to be today
scientist started to use their ownobservations and experiments to gain knowledge
new invention for observation: the microscope