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Health and medicine over time - Coggle Diagram
Health and medicine over time
before 1750
prehistory
serious illnesses
were treated by
medicine men
use a combination of
ritual
prayer
herbs
basic surgery
trephining
they believed illnesses had
supernatural cases
natural cases
women
high priests
had the role of
healers
key caregivers
the ancient greeks
had new ideas about what caused sickness
belived humans had four humours
black bile
phlegm
caused by having an ambulance
doctors restore de balance
bleeding
purging
include vomiting
if treatment failed, the patient was sent to the Asciepius temple
blood
yellow bije
Inspired by fire, air, water, earth
the romans
Hippocrates ideas continued
medical threatment was expensive
ordinary people used herbal medicines
asked the gods for help
most famous roman doctor
Galen
second century
followed Hippocrates methods
believed in the theory of the four humours
NEW IDEA
though humours could be rebalanced using opposites
the middles ages
catastrophic epidemic called Black death
the Christian Church´s power had grown
women couldn´t
attend university
become professional doctors
The Renaissance
medical renaissance
number of medical breakthroughs
Versalius
mayor achievement
show that the relieve of the four elements in human anatomy were wrong
BELIEVED
It was important for knowledge for doctors to perform human dissections
ideas had to be tested
wrote a book
led to a much understanding of human anatomy
his work had a little impact on people's lives and health
Paré
Mayor achievement
in surgery
Replace boling oil with bandages
had an immediate impact
Became influential
more doctors began to follow his methoths
Harvey
Made breakthoughts in understanding the circulation of blood
was influential
showed that new blood re-circulated around the body by the heart
19th century
germ theory
Louis pasteur
was asked by a brewing company
to investigate why their vats of alcohol were going bad
developed 'germ theory' and published a book on this
koch
studied the bacteria in infected organs
study the causes of diseases
developed a method of
isolating and growing bacteria to observe
Emil von Behring
he then injected anti-toxins into humans
to prevent diseases such as diphtheria
patrick manson
discovered tha mosquitos were 'carries'
surgery
was still limited by three key obstacles
infection
blood loss
pain
chemists began to discover different chemicals
that could have anaesthetic results on patients
chloroform
that is other chemical
blood loss
threads used were now sterilized before use
blood could not be store
directly pumped from a donor the patient
public health
sewere were built in cities
to remove sewage
to improve water supplies
sewers and cleaner prevent the pollution of rivers
to improve the quality of food
and even to make some vaccinations compulsory
Vaccination
Smallpox
Terrible disease
Preventing it
a method
Inoculation
Edward Jenner
new idea
he inocualted a boy with smallpox
the boy was unaffected
women in medicine
elizabeth Blackwell
was the first women to qualify as a doctor
Florence Nightingale and Mary Seacole
had an important impact
on nursing
and the cleanliness of hospitals
Infection
Doctors didn't wash their equipment
Florence Nightingale
assert that
Cleanliness was critical to the recovery of injured soldiers
led
improvements in the cleanliness of hospitals
instruments and clothing were sterilized regulary and thoroughly
clothing was steam cleaned
20th century
wwI
blood loss
Doctors found that they could separe the liquid part of the
blood
from the corpuscles
plasma
french doctors
developed
the triage sistem
different blood groups were identified
Infections
doctors found that cutting away infected tissue and soaking the wound in saline had the best results
Surgery
Beginning of the war
80 per cent of soldiers with a broken femur died
1916
80 per cent of soldiers with this injury survived
wwII
penicillin
mould grew by accident in a dish
its potencial to fight infections
that helped then treat an infected wound
surgical techniques
the second war also led to developments in the treatment of severe burns
Vladmir Filatov pioneered recontructive plastic surgery with a new form of skin graft
led to growth of a far more sophisticated blood transfusion system
combating diseses
Neil Hamilton Fairley found that one tablet of Mepacrine could limit the spread of Malaria
public health
the resulting beveridge recommended that a welfare state should be set up
which would provide free health care, education, housing and employment free war
18th century
Enlightenment
scientific explanations
scientist started to use their own observations and experiments to gain knowledge
The microscope