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Health and medicine over time - Coggle Diagram
Health and medicine over time
Before 1750
Prehistory
Illnesses were treated by 'medicine men'
Midwifery and basic care for the sicks to women.
It was believed illnesses had supernatural causes, natural causes and insect bites
The treatment was a combination of ritual, prayer, herbs, and trephining
Trephining: They drilled a hole through the scalp and the skull to relieve pressure on the brain
The ancient Greeks
Linked to the four elements: fire, water, air, earth and the four seasons: spring, summer, autumn and winter
To treat sick doctors restore the balance by inducing vomiting or purging in a patient or bleeding them
The four humorous were: phlegm, blood, black bile and yellow bile
The key theorist was Hippocrates
Theory was that illnesses were caused by having an imbalance on the four humorous in your body
Hippocrates wnated people to look for natural causes instead of supernatural
Greek thinkers and doctors attemped to understand what caused illnes
The middle ages
Galen´s ideas were rediscover
Black death spread form Asia to Europe
It killed over 40% of population
Church set up new universities
Common remedies were using astrology, herbal medicines and bleeding a patient
The Cristian Church´s power had grown
Woman weren´t allowed to go to university and to be doctors
The renaissance
it was important for doctors to perform human dissections
ideas had to be tested and not just followed blindly
There were a number of medical breakthroughs
Galen had been wrong about elements of human anatomy
A significant individual in this period was Andreas Vesalius
Paré became influential, and many doctors began to follow his methods
William Harvey was influential in the 1600
Made breakthroughs in understanding the circulation of blood in human body
he didn't believed Galen's theory
The romans
Famous doctor Galen followed Hippocrates methods and believed in the theory of four humorous.
He thought that humorous could be rebalanced using 'opposites'.
Galen learnt from his dissections about how each body part fitted together.
Romans attempted to keep their cities and people clean by constructing sewers.
Many ordinary people used family herbal medicine and asked God for help.
19th century
Vaccinations
In seventeenth century a method for preventing smallpox was inoculation.
Inoculations had risks:
Some patients would die from the mild dose they were given.
Others would go on to carry the disease and spread the infection.
Many people were too poor to afford the treatment.
Doctor Edward Jenner believed local farmers didn't take inoculations, they would not catch smallpox after having the mild disease of cowpox.
After publishing his ideas in 1798, he inoculated a boy with smallpox and the boy was unaffected. He called this 'Vaccination'.
Medicine became a highly profitable business and money was invested in scientific research.
Women in medicine
Mary Seacole during the Crimean War had an important impact on nursing and the cleanilness of hospitals
Elizabeth Blackwell was the first woman to qualify as a doctor in the USA in 1849
Florence Nightingale came to prominence for asserting that cleanilness was critical to yhe recovery of injured soldiers
Germ theory
Louis Pasteur discovered that one type of micro-organism was multiplying fast.
This occurred because tiny living organisms fall from the air and cause decay.
Robert Koch developed a method of isolating and growing bacteria to observe.
This led into other scientists to study the causes of diseases.
Emil von Behring find some animals produce anti-toxins to fight harmful bacteria.
Patrick Manson discovered in 1884 that diseases were 'carried' and spread by insects.
Infection
Clothing was steam cleaned
They started using rubber gloves and began wearing face-masks
Instruments and clothing were sterilized regulary and thoroughly
Surgery
Before nineteenth century, all operations were appalling and traumatic experiences.
Many surgeons attempted new experimental surgeries.
They had to find a way of removing pain, preventing infections and compensating the loss of blood.
Chemists began to discover different chemicals that could have anaesthetic results on patients.
Ether was a gas which made patients cough throughout a procedure.
Chloroform was discovered.
Cocaine was only useful for minor operations.
More complex and longer surgeries were done now that patients weren't screaming and writhing in agony.
Blood loss
The threads used were now sterilized before used
When blood was usable and directly pumped from donor the patient
Public Health
Legislation was passed to
Prevent the pollutiont rivers
make some vaccinations compulsory
improve the quality of food
In Britain sewers were built in cities to remove sewage and to improve water supplies
20th century
World war 1
Blood loss
Weapons used in the First World War caused severe injuries.
In 1901, different blood groups were identified.
Transfusions were performed on the spot from the donor to the patient.
This wasn't practical because of the urgent need to transfuse blood.
Doctors found that they could separate the liquid part of the blood, the plasma, from the corpuscles.
Blood could now be stored and be usable by adding a saline solution.
The 'triage' system was to divide into categories the injured men.
Those who would benefit most from the treatment
Those who would most likely survive.
Those who were regardless to die.
People like Wilhelm Röntgen and Marie Curie helped with X-ray.
Infections
Bullets and shrapnel took infection into the body.
Soldiers wounds were often caused by fragments of their clothing that carried bacteria.
Doctors found out that cutting away infected tissue and soaking the wound in saline had the best results.
Surgery
Plastic surgery was improved by Harold Gillies.
World war 2
surgical tehniques
It led developments in the treatement of severe burns
combating diseases
One tablet of Mepacrine a day could limit the spread of malaria
Soldiers were also immunized against tetanus before being sent into battle
penicillin
Listen used penicillin to treat an infect wound
It was redicover by founding the mould in a dish
public health
goverment commission was set up to offer benefit to the people after war
Welfare state would provide free health care, education, housing and employement after the war
18th century
There was a move towards new thinking and a focus on scientific explanations.
Doctors used observation and experiments.
Doctors did dissections and learned more.
The Church no longer controlled medicine.
Cities grew fast during the Industrial Revolution.
This caused more disease and poor living.
At first, the government didn’t help, but, later, they made public health laws.
New machines and medicines were invented and doctors discovered bacteria and anesthesia.