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Health and medicine over time - Coggle Diagram
Health and medicine over time
Before 1750
The ancient greeks
Temples to the God of healing, Asclepius
Sick people slept there
Aclepius and his daughters would heal them
Natural causes and treatments
Doctors tried to understand diseases
Careful observation of the sick
During illness body fluids were expelled
illness caused by an imbalance of the four humours
Ancient times
serious illnesses were treated by ´medicine men´
midwafery and basic care for the sick were left to the women
supernatural causes
natural causes
The Renaissance
Andreas Vesalius
Belgian doctor
showed that Galen was wrong about human anatomy
believed that doctors had to test their ideas
William Harvey
studied medicine in cambrigde University
proved that the heart acted as a pump.
showed that blood re-circulated around the body by the heart.
Ambroise Paré
major achievement in surgery
stopped using boiling oil and cauterizing wounds to stop bleeding
started using bandages and ties the ends of arteries using silk threads
The Romans
medical treatment was expensive
families use herbal medicines and ask to the gods help
they belived in the theory of four humours
most famous doctor was Galen
carried out dissections
learnt how each body part fitted toghether
wrote 60 books
public health
attempted to keep their cities and people clean
constructed sewers and aquaducts
The middle ages
Christian Church´s power had grown
Church had set up universities
Galen´s ideas were rediscovered
Flagellants
They roam town to town whipping themselves and asking people to repent
Black death
killed over 40 per cent of the population
the causes of the disease were unknown
Doctors treatments for illnesses
attempted to balance the humours
bleeding a patient
astrology and herbal medicines
Women
taking care of childbirth
the key care providers for the sick
were not permitted to go to university and couldn´t be professional doctors
19 Century
Public Health
sewers were built
to remove sewage and improve water supplies
legislation
prevent the pollution of rivers
improve the quality if food
make some vaccinations compulsory
Infections
no hygiene in surgeries
spread diseases and infections
Florence Nightingale
said that cleanliness was essential to the recovery of injured soldiers
led to improvements in the cleanliness of hospitals
Joseph Lister
used carbolic acid
if this was sprayed over a wound during surgery it would heal better
Koch discovered the bacteria that cused septicaemia in 1878
his evidence supported the methods of Lister
instruments and clothing were steriized regularly and thoroughly.
1890
clothing was steam cleaned
surgeons used rubber gloves when oerating
surgeons began wearing face-masks
germ theory
louis pasteur
tiny living organisms fall from the air and cause decay
robert koch
koch studied the bacteria in infected organs and developed a method of insolating and growing bacteria to observe
blood loss
The discoveries made by lister helped to make pare´s ligatures safer and more effective as the threads used were now sterilized before use
Vaccinations - Smallpox
Jenner took matter from a cowpox sore and inserted it into two smalls cuts on a healthy eight year old boy
The boy was a little unwell for a couple of days and the fully recovered
To test Jenner´s idea had worked he then inoculated the boy with smallpox and the boy was unaffected
Vaccinations against smallpox quicly spread to the USA and by 1812 there were Arabic translations of Jenner's work.
surgery
surgery was still limited by three key obstacles:pain,infection and blood loss
chemists began to discover different chemicals that could have anaesthic result on patients
ether was gas that irritates the lungs and made patients cough throughout a procedure
in 1874 it was dicovered chloroform by Briton james simpson
it became widly used chloroform induced a rapid sleeping state and was difficult to manage
cocaine was only useful for minor operations
Women in medicine
Elizabeth Blackwell was the first woman to qualify as a doctor
The work of Florence Nightingale and Mary Seacole had an important impact on nursing and the cleanliness of hospitals
20 century
WWI
infections
Doctors improved infection treatment by removing infected tissue and cleaning wounds with saline, which gave the best results.
surgery
Surgeons developed new techniques like skin grafts and the Thomas splint, greatly increasing survival rates and laying the foundation for modern plastic surgery.
blood loss
The discovery of blood groups and methods to store blood with saline greatly improved the success of transfusions during the war.
WWII
surgical techniques
There were improvements in surgery methods, including the creation of a better system for blood transfusions.
combating disease
Significant progress was made in stopping and treating illnesses like malaria and tetanus.
penicillin
Penicillin was found again by Alexander Fleming in 1928. He saw that it could help fight infections, but he didn’t have the funds to develop it further.
public health
goverments in britain took major steps so they can improve public health, then the national health service was created and now healthcare was free for all the people
Enlightement
modern science evolved into what we understand it to be today
move towards new thinking and a focus on scientific explanation
scientist started to use thei own observation and experiments to gain knowledge
new invention for observation : the microscop