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Health and medicine over time - Coggle Diagram
Health and medicine over time
Before 1750
Prehistory
Acient Egypt
Spirits and gods were seen as the cause of illnesses
There was an emphasis on hygiene to prevent disease
Serious illnesses were treated by 'medicine men'
Basic care were left to women
Ilnesses supernatural causes:
Natural causes
Ingury from hurting
Insect bite
Vengeful gods or evil spirits
Treatment
Herbs
Basic surgery
Player
Ritual
The middle ages
Flagellants would roam whipping themselves and asking people to repent
The Black Death killed over 40 per cent of the population in Europe and Asia
The Church had set up universities
The Cristian Church was powerful
Galen's ideas were rediscovered
The causes of the disease were not understood
Doctors used a number of different treatments for illnesses
The most common remedies was bleeding a patient
Women were not permitted to go to university and could not train to be professional doctors
Womens were also midwives, taking care of childbirths
They also used a astrology and herbal medicines
Renaissance
Significant individual
Vesalius
Ideas had to be tested
Led better understanding of human anatomy
Perform human dissections
Harvey
Understanding the circulation of blood in the human body
Made breakthroughs
Showed that new blood wasn´t constantly created
Proved that.
the heart acted as a pump
blood is carried away from the heart.
Paré
His mayour achievement was in surgery
Stopped cauterizing woulds
Instead tie the ends of arteries using silk thread.
Stopped using boiling oil.
Instead use bandages
Didn´t have antiseptics and didinfectants.
Romans
Galen
The most famous Roman doctor
Followed Hippocrates methods
Interested in anatomy
Humours could be rebalanced using "opposites"
Wrote 60 books combined Greek ideas with Roman theories
Hippocrates ideas continued
The key idea flourished Roman Empire was Public health
Professional medical treatment was expensive
The ancient greeks
Theory: disease caused by imbalanced of the four humors
Theory of humors was followed for over 1000 years
They saw the god as an important to health
Had temples to Asclepus, the god of healing
New ideas about what caused sickness and how could be trated
Greek doctors
Train to observe patient's symptoms and then diagnose
Used the theory of the four humors
Doctors try to restore the 'balance' by including
Vomitting or purging in a patient
Bleeding the patient
18th Century
Enlightement
Modern science
Scientists use their own observation
Focus on scientific explanations
Started using microscope
Doctor's training become more sophisticated
19th Century
Surgery
Sugery was limitted by: pain, infection, and blood loss
Some hospitals had an 80 per cent death rate post operation
Infection
Joseph Lister
Experimented with carbolic acid
Found that spraying this over a wound during surgery improved healing and prevented gangrene.
Revolutionary chages in medical practice in hospitals instruments and clothing were regulary sterilized.
Ignaz Semmelweis
Concluded that the higher baby death rate from students who dissected corpses was due to their hands.
Clothing was steam cleaned.
Doctors didn't clean their clothes or wash their hands.
Spread diseases and infections.
W.S. Halstead used rubber gloves when operating and german surgeons began wearing face-masks.
Significant progress in preventing infections had been made.
Gern theory
Isolating and growing bacteria
Koch studied the bacteria in infected organs
Blood loss
Blood couldn't be stored
Pare's ligatures safer and more effective
Women in medicine
Florence Nightingale
Improvements in the cleanliness of hospitals
prominence that cleanliness was critical to the recovery of injured soldiers.
Mary Seacole
Had an important impact on nursing nd the cleanliness of hospitals
Elizabeth Blackwell
The first woman to qualify as a doctor in the USA in 1849
Public health
Legislation was passed to
Prevent the pollution of rivers
Improve the quality of food
Make some vaccinations compulsory
Industrialization, urbanization, and population growth with new ideas and medical teories
Public health had an impact on the role played by governments in public health.
Vaccunation - smallpox
Vaccunation
Jenner took matter from a cowpox sore and insert it into two small cuts on a healthy boy.
The boy was a little unwell for a couple of days and then fully recovered.
It was found by Edward Jenner.
Smallpox
It didn't kill people, but those who survived it were left permanently scarred.
20th Century
World war I
infections
Soldier's wounds were often infected by fragments of their clothing that carried bacteria and caused deadly gas gangrene
Doctors found that cutting away infected tissue and soaking the wound in saline had the best resukts
surgery
Many soldiers suffered injuries to their head or face, and
surgery to eyes, ears, throat and even the brain, improved.
Surgeons used skin grafts; indeed, their
work was the foundation for plastic surgery.
blood loss
Doctor's found that they could separate the liquid part of the blood, the plasma, from the corpuscles
World war II
surgical techniques
The war advanced blood transfusion methods and introduced a new type of skin graft.
combating diseases
For the first time there was a coherent scientific
investigation into mosquito bites.
penicillin
reduced the infection and increased survival rates
Public health
Many countries of both sides were too economically devastated to prioritize public health or afford urgent care for servicemen