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Individualistic theories informing policy development - Coggle Diagram
Individualistic theories informing policy development
Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis is a treatment
founded by Freud
where the patient
verbalises their thoughts
, through a variety of methods. This method
aims to access unconscious, repressed thoughts,
which are
believed to have led to criminal activity.
The assumptions is that any psychological problems cause by upbringing or repressed trauma are embedded in the unconscious mind. The treatment then tries to
bring the repressed thoughts to consciousness where they can be dealt with.
The analyst allows
free association
so the patients talks about whatever they choose (usually ling down on the sofa)
Does it work?
It is considered to be
very time consuming
and unlikely to provide quick answers (Freud saw his patient 5 times per week, often for years.
It can
create a power imbalances between the therapist and patient
as the therapist has the
power the define what is normal and what is not
. Freud regarded homosexuality as abnormal which could impact the client negatively
A patient could
discover very painful memorie
s that were deliberately repressed which could lead to psychological distress
Patient must be prepared to invest money into it - making it
very expensive
Behavior Modification
Behavior modification focuses on techniques to
extinguish bad behavior and promote desirable behavior.
the
token economy
is an example of this, e.g. a
token is give
n for a desirable action, which is
later exchanged for a 'treat
.
Does it work?
Research has shown that token economies
makes prisoners more manageable
whilst thyme are in prison. it is particularly successful in long term inmates.
Studies show that
once reinforcement stops (
when the offender leaves prion)
the good behavior tends to stop
as there is nobody there to keep rewarding them
there have been
cases in the US where food and drink has been withheld and used as a reward
. This is clearly an abuse of power as food and drink is a human right and not a privilege to be earned
Aversion therapy
Aversion Therapy
links to Eysenck's personality
theory that criminals tend to be neurotic and extrovert. it has been used with sex offenders. they are asked to think about an unacceptable fantasy. A
strongly aversive stimulus is then given
such as an
electric shock or a nausea inducing drug
. this is then
repeated until the offenders come to associate the deviant arousal with the stimulus
. the aim is to stop the thoughts and thus stop the offending behaviour
Does it work?
The main criticism is the
ethical issues
that it creates. Aversion therapy is now
considered by most people to be an abuse of someone's human rights
A further problem is that there are
doubts about the long-term effectiveness
. It can have dramatic effects in the therapists office. However, it is often much
less effective in the outside world, where no nausea-inducing drug or eclectic shock is given
Relapse rate is very high
- the success of the therapy depends on whether the patient can avoid the stimulus they have been conditioned against