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Research - Coggle Diagram
Research
Qualitative approach
: Text/observation-based research exploring meanings and experiences
Study designs
Observational/Descriptive
Document Analysis: Systematic text evaluation
Ethnography: Cultural immersion study
Narrative: Story-based analysis
Phenomenology: Lived experience study
Applied (intervention-like)
Grounded Theory: Theory development from data
Participatory Action: Community-involved research
Results analysis
Themes: Patterns across data
Data Saturation: No new insights emerging
Thick Description: Rich contextual interpretation
Quality
Credibility: Truth value of findings
Transferability: Applicability to other contexts
Dependability: Consistency of findings
Confirmability: Neutrality of findings
Data collection
Qual surveys: Gathers open, written reflections
Interviews: Explores depth through conversation
Focus groups: Shares views in group dialogue
Participant observation: Records behaviours
Field notes: Captures observations on site
Doc/content analysis: Reviews text or media meaning
Diaries/journals: Tracks experiences over time
Photovoice/visual: Uses images to express insight
Literature reviews
Narrative review: Qualitative literature summary
Rapid review: Summarises fast for decisions
Scoping review: Maps broad field
Systematic review: Comprehensive structured analysis
Quantitative approach:
Numbers-based research using statistical analysis
Study designs
Observational
Descriptive
Ecological: Population-level analysis
Case Report/Study: Detailed single instance analysis
Analytical
Cross-sectional: One-time population snapshot
Case-control: Compares cases with/without outcome
Cohort: Follows groups over time
Experimental
Randomized Control Trial: Random assignment to intervention/control
Cluster Trial: Randomizes groups not individuals
Field Trial: Real-world setting experiment
Quality
Reliability: Measurement consistency
Validity: Measurement accuracy
Results analysis
Statistical Significance: Non-chance relationship
Association: Statistical relationship
Causation: Direct influence relationship
Effect Size: Relationship strength measure
Data Collection
Surveys: Structured question sets
Structured Observations: Systematic behavior recording
Physiological Measurements: Biological markers
Standardised tests: Measures outcomes with set rules
Admin data: Uses pre-collected institutional info
Experimental measures: Captures effects under control
Cross-cutting concepts
: Apply to all study designs
Bias
Selection: Non-representative sampling
Allocation: Non-random group assignment
Performance: Unequal treatment of groups
Attrition: Differential dropout rates
Measurement: Systematic measurement errors
Detection: Unequal outcome assessment
Recall: Memory-based reporting errors
Response: Tendency to answer questions inaccurately
Confounding: External variables affecting relationships
Ethics
Beneficence: Maximising benefits while minimising harm; research should benefit participants/society
Respect: Honouring participant autonomy, dignity, and rights; includes informed consent
Justice: Fair distribution of research benefits and burdens; equitable participant selection
Research Merit & Integrity: Scientific rigor and honest conduct; valid methodology and transparent reporting
Sampling
Random (typically quantitative)
Stratified: Random sampling within subgroups
Simple Random: Equal selection chance for all
Systematic: Selection at regular intervals
Cluster: Random selection of groups
Non-random (typically qualitative)
Convenience: Easily accessible participants
Quota: Non-random selection matching population proportions
Snowball: Participant referral recruiting
Purposive: Strategic selection based on criteria
Results impact
Clinical Significance: Real-world importance
Generalisability: Broader application of findings
Mixed methods approach
: Integrates quantitative and qualitative approaches
Study designs
Convergent: Simultaneous quant+qual
Explanatory Sequential: Quant then qual
Exploratory Sequential: Qual then quant
Results analysis & quality
Integration: Combining quant+qual results
Triangulation: Multiple methods validation
Other approaches
Consensus designs
Delphi: Anonymous expert consensus via questionnaires
Nominal Group Technique (NGT): Structured face-to-face group decision-making
Clinical practice guidelines