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Strategies to manage the impact of natural hazards - Coggle Diagram
Strategies to manage the impact of natural hazards
EARTHQUEAKES
Can be identified but are almost impossible to prevent
PREDICTION
Instruments such as seismometers can monitor tremors. Groundwater levels and randon gas can also be measured.
Epicdenters and the frequency of past events can be mapped to see if a pattern is developing.
Measurement of local magnetic fields.
A hazard zone map can be drawn based on geological information and ground stability.
Unusual animal behaviour.
PREPARATION AND PROTECTION
Earthqueake proof of aseismic buildings. Other buildings can be retrofitted.
Smart meters that cut off gas supplies to prevent fires.
Land-use planning: important services such as schools and hospitals are built in low risk areas.
VOLCANOS
We know where they are located but volcano eruptions are often unpredictable in terms of magnitude and timing.
PREDICTION
Seismometers monitor tremors caused by rising magma.
Satellites using heat-seeking cameras can measure increasing ground temperatures.
Tiltmeters and global positioning systems monitor changes in volcano shape.
Emissions of steam and gas (sulfur dioxide) can be monitored.
PREPARATION AND PROTECTION
Study past eruptions of a volcano and create a volcano hazard map.
Plans such as lava diversion channels, lava barriers, spraying lava with water and halting lava advance by dropping concrete slabs into the flow.
Building reinforcements, for example sloping roofs to protect against ashfall.
TROPICAL CYCLONES
Most predictable of natural hazards. We know when they will form, their movements are trackable and we know the impact.
PREDICTION
Tropical cyclones are tracked using satallites.
PREPARATION AND PROTECTION
Cyclone shelters.
Buildings on stilts so not flooded by storm surge.
Embankments built along coasts.
Preserve mangrove swamps to absorb the energy of storm surges.
DROUGHT
PREDICTION
Monitoring precipitation and temperature
PREPARATION AND PROTECTION
Increase water supplies by the dams and reservoirs, percolation ponds, wells, pumps and use of aquifers, water transfer by pipeline, desalination.
Water conservation such as using storage tanks, spray irrigation, planting drought-tolerant crops, reducing deforestation and increasing.
Agricultural improvements such as planting sheltlerbelts to reduce wind and evaportation, building low banks across a slope (bunds) to encourage infiltration and fencing to control overgrazing.
Government stockpiling supplies of water, food and medicine.
FLOODS
PREDICTION
Monitoring the amount of rainfall and the change in river discharge.
Knowledge about the chracteristics of the drainage basin and type of storm is valuable for determining the possible severity of the flooding.
PREPARATION AND PROTECTION
Hard engeneering projects (physical structures that are permament, often expensive and can have an impact on the environment) such as levees, flood barriers, food control channels and dams.
Soft engineering projects, such as afforestation, controlled flooding of meadowland and storage basins.
Straightening, widening and deepening the river channel by dredging and clearing vegetation.
Land-use planning to use higher land for settlements, restrict developement on floodplains or increase green speace.
Use of sandbags and pumps.
Adapt houses, for example, positioning power sockets to 1.5 m above ground level.