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Abnormal labor, Definitions, Causes of Breech - Coggle Diagram
Abnormal labor
Breech
Often idiopathic, but includes prematurity, polyhydramnios, uterine abnormalities, contracted pelvis, and placenta previa.
Based on abdominal/pelvic palpation, auscultation, and vaginal exam; confirmed by ultrasound or X-ray.
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May involve external cephalic version before 36 weeks. Delivery method depends on fetal size, pelvic adequacy, and breech type.
Management of Breech
Includes internal rotation, lateral flexion, restitution, and delivery of the head in a flexed attitude.
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Risk of hypoxia, asphyxia, brain hemorrhage, cord prolapse, and physical injuries to the baby.
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Presentation
Brow Presentation
The fetal forehead presents first. Rare (1 in 1000). Associated with deflexed head, lax uterus, or anomalies like anencephaly.
Shoulder Presentation
A transverse lie; shoulder presents first. Common in prematurity, uterine anomalies, and multiple pregnancies.
Face Presentation
The face presents due to extreme head extension. Linked with uterine laxity, polyhydramnios, or anencephaly.
Position
Unstable Lie
Changing fetal lie after 36 weeks. Managed by hospital admission, external version, or C-section if not correctable.
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Abnormal of Labor
Obstructed Labor
Mechanical blockage during delivery, often due to CPD or malpresentation. Can lead to uterine rupture, fetal asphyxia.
Prolonged Labor
Labor lasting over 24 hours. Caused by poor contractions, fetal size/position, or psychological factors. Managed with observation, IV fluids, syntocinon, or C-section.
Precipitate Labor
Rapid expulsion of the fetus from the birth canal in (<3 hours) caused by small size baby ,stronge uterine contraction , Lack of the resistance of soft tissue, or unknown
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Definition of Dystocia
Abnormal or difficult labor, occurring in about 20% of labors. Caused by issues with uterine activity, fetal position, or cephalo-pelvic disproportion.
Risk Factors for Dystocia
Includes diabetes, fetal macrosomia, maternal obesity, labor induction, prolonged labor, and excessive oxytocin.
Definitions
Malpresentations
Any presentation other than the vertex, e.g., breech, face, brow, or shoulder.
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Abnormal fetal positions like occipitoposterior (OP), where the baby’s back is toward the mother's back.
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