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Episodes of 'Classical' Music - Coggle Diagram
Episodes of 'Classical' Music
Medieval Era (450-1450)
Fall of the Roman Empire (476)
- BUT the church was still major source of artistic patronage/power, they set the precedent for valuable music
Plainchant (500-1100)
- Hymn genre sung in Latin. In its most famous form, it is also called Gregorian chant. Still sometimes used today in religious traditions.
Hildegard of Bingen (1098-1179)
- Playwright, poet, writer, musician, preacher. She founded and led two convents. Was foundational in her music writing - wrote a lot of plainchant.
Ave Generosa
- Hildegard - Plainchant monophonic song that is sung acapella.
Classical Era (1750-1815)
Enlightenment peaks (1715-1789)
- Guided by reason and balance, reflected in music with predictable falling and rising harmonies.
Symphony (1750 - 1820)
- Standard form includes four movements: fast, slow, dance, fast. Becomes incredibly popular in music making and then is developed/experimented with in later eras.
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791)
- Violinist, composer, and music theorist. Active in Vienna. He was known for his memorable, songlike, tuneful melodies. He wrote with simple tools.
Sympony No. 40
- Mozart - Sonata form, but manipulated - more expressive and freer. Cantabile melody that is singable.
Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827)
- Would be considered a bridge composer between the Classical and Romantic eras. Very famous in his lifetime in Vienna. Builds on the classical era by expanding classical forms and genres.
Symphony No. 5
- Beethoven - Journey from darkness into light with dramatic dynamic contrast. It develops repeated themes.
Symphony in D Major
- Bologne - In sonata form with an airy/springy feel. Becomes more anticipatory as each movement plays out.
Baroque Era(1600-1750)
Scientific Revolution (1600s)
- Invention and development of many new instruments, musical complexity/lots of ornamentation in music is embraced.
Fugue (1600-1750)
- Main subject imitated in various voices. Limited by the one main idea that has to keep coming back. Cannot be expanded. These are very Baroque with a lot of musical complexity.
Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750)
- Active in modern day Germany. Organ virtuoso and master of all Baroque forms except opera. Wrote many popular organ fugues.
Organ Fugue in G Minor
- Bach - Displays all four voices: soprano, alto, tenor, bass. Has a returning subject and a lot of musical ornamentation.
Concerto (1600-1750)
- Instrumental work in which one or more soloists plays with and against a larger orchestra. They are working together, but there is also a sense of competition. Helped develop expressive soloist music.
Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741)
- Virtuoso violinist/composer. Most influential composer of Baroque concerto: wrote over 450.
Spring (Seasons)
- Vivaldi - Shows the ritornello form. Imitates the sounds of spring like the birds.
Oratorio (1600-1750)
- Sung drama that is un-staged. They often touched on sacred topics with vernacular language. Handel was an early adopter of these.
George Frideric Handel (1685-1759)
- Spent much of his career in England. He was especially known for his oratorios, operas, and instrumental music.
Hallelujah (Messiah)
- Handel - From an oratorio. Displays monophony, polyphony, and homophony. SATB choir.
Modern Era
(1900...)
World Wars (1914-1945)
- Both WW1 and WW2 resulted in sense of disillusionment and brand new experimentations in music.
Serialism (1920-1940)
- Developed by Schoenberg. Plays with tone rows (12 tones). The rows may be transported, inverted, retrograded or layered with other rows. Serialism had an influence on many modern and post-modern composers.
Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951)
- He was a painter as well as a composer. Avtice in Vienna and formed the 'second Viennese school'. Wanted to solve the 'problem of tonality'.
Musical Impressionism
- Music evokes a mood, feeling, or an atmosphere.
Claude DeBussy (1862-1918)
- Sort of a bridge figure. French composer that focuses on sonority over structure. Known for use of transparent texture.
Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun
- DeBussy - This is a later example of program music. It loosely depicts impressions from a faun's dream. The faun character is a flute.
Rite of Spring
- Stravinsky - Song with lots of natural sounds like birdsong and insect sounds. Emphasized the fact that nature isn't ordered. Uses ostenato to unify the music throughout the chaos.
Fanfare for the Common Man
- Copland - This is scored for brass and percussion only, very innovative. Commissioned for a series of fanfares during WWII and chose the subject of a common man.
Renaissance Era (1450-1500)
Protestant Reformation (begins 1517)
- Literacy is more common due to invention of printing press. Music is reproduced and preserved more easily because of this.
Madrigal (1500-1550)
- Written down, vocal music for entertainment. In line with humanist Renaissance and the themes of human pleasures.
Francesca Caccini (1587-1630)
- Singer, instrumentalist, voice teacher, and composer at several notable courts in Tuscany. Known for her virtuosic voice and solo madrigals.
Maria, dolce Maria
- Caccini - One solo voice and instrumental accompaniment. Written and sung in Italian. Exemplifies the use of vibrato and melismas.
As Vesta Was
- Weelkes - Madrigal for six voices. A good example of text painting. Sung in English.
Motet (1400-1600)
- Sacred polyphonic piece in Latin. They helped to evolve polyphonic music.
Josquin Desprez (1450-1521)
- Started as a singer and later became a composer of many works (some motets) that used imitative polyphony. He is also known for his use of text painting.
Ave Maria
- Desprez - A motet that displays imitative polyphony, text painting, and four part harmony.
Romantic Era (1800-1900)
Industrial Revolution (this whole century)
- New technology and musical changes: the invention of the piano changes the world of music forever.
Program Music (1800-1850)
- Instrumental music written in association with a story, poem, or some other literary source. We call it this because Berlioz printed out a program for audiences that explained the story.
Hector Berlioz (1803-1869)
- French composer, mostly active in Paris. Focused on color/tone/timbre. Very unconventional. Expands the traditional orchestra with brass and percussion instruments.
Symphonie Fantastique
- Berlioz - The first example of program music. Written after an experience in his own life, but written with a poet as a main character.
Lied (1800-1850)
- Song for voice and piano on German poetry. Follows similar cultural themes as program music.
Franz Schubert (1797-1828)
- Pianist, active across genres. He was born in and lived in Vienna. Composed more than 600 lieder.
Erlking
- Schubert - Mimics the sound of pounding hooves of a horse. Tells the story musically, as well as lyrically.
Ballade in D Minor
- Schumann - Piano 'character piece' with lots of emotional value. Small moments of dissonance and chromatic tones.