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childhood - Coggle Diagram

- - - - SMART 2011
        
        aims to include views and experiences of children
      - MASON AND TIPPER 2008
        
        children create own definition of family e.g. pets
      - SMART 2001
        
        study of divorce found children try and make the situation better for everyone
        
        so many types of childhood
  - - - NATIONALITIES
        
        likely to provide diff childhoods
        
        90% worlds low-weight babies born developing countries
      - GENDER DIFFERENCES
        
        HILLMAN 1993 boys more likely to be allowed to cross/cycle on roads unaccompanied
        
        BONKE 1999 girls do more domestic labour, in LP fams they do 5 times better than boys
      - ETHNIC DIFFERENCES
        
        BRANNEN 1994 among 15-16yr olds, asian parents stricter towards daughters
        
        BHATTI 1999 ideas of fam honour could restrict behaviours of girls
      - CLASS DIFFERENCES
        
        poor mothers more likely to have low birth weight so children more likely to have physical/intellectual development
        
        children from poor families more likely to be hyperactive
    - - NEGLECT AND ABUSE
        
        physical, emotional, sexual
        
        2013 43000 children needed child protection
      - CTRL OVER CHILDRENS SPACE
        
        inc. surveillance over children's spaces
        
        1971 86% primary sch children allowed to travel to school alone, 2010 25%
        -KATZ 2004 rural village in sudan, children had free roam
  - - - child crimes james bulger
        
        2yr old boy killed and tortured by 2 10yr olds
        
        boys exposed to violence and addiction
      - JENKS
        
        childhood is changing, not disappearing
        
        childhood construct
        
        children need to be sheltered
        
        PM society means less stable relationships so more emphasis on parent/child
        
        child relationships most stable relationships for adults as more divorce
- - - - children are different from adults, and need to be protected
      - keep them seperate from the adult world
      - excluded from the world of responsibility, occupy their own spheres of education and family life
- - - - FIRTH 1970
        
        among Tikopia of western pacific, an adult asking to do something is more of a request to be granted by a child, not to be expected
    - - MALINOWSKI 1957
        
        island in SW pacific, found adults took an attitude of tolerance, amused interest towards sexual exploration and activities
    - - PUNCH 2001
        
        study of childhood in rural bolivia
        
        children 5yrs old expected to take on work and responsibilities in home and community
        HOLMES 1974
        
        study of a samoan village
        
        found being 'too young' never a reason, if a child is asked to do something they do it if they feel they can
  - - - 1.3 million u5's in poverty in UK
        
        38% fam earnings decreased from lockdown
        
        2 child cap on welfare means some fams children aren't covered
        
        2in3 children in poverty have at least one working parent
    - - advertising means children are consumers in the capitalist society
        
        a trillion dollars each year made from children
        
        1in3 born in 2000 will develop diabetes
        
        tech/cameras change children
    - - SOUTH SUDAN, 19000 child soldiers
        
        abducted then threatened until soldier
        
        tried to escape, fought for 6 months where he was shot and left to die
        
        found after 2 days
    - - industrialisation bought many changes in childhood
        
        sold into work from young age
        
        dangerous jobs like chimney sweeping
        
        bad hygeine