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Chapter 10 Water: Hydrologic Cycle and Human Use, Chapter 11 Soil: The…

- - - - Rain shadow example: westerly winds, full of moisture from the pacific ocean, strike the Sierra Nevada Mountains in California. As the winds rise of the mountains, water precipitates out, supporting the lush forests on the western slopes. Immediately east of the southern Sierra Nevada, however, lies Death Valley, on of the driest regions in North America.
  - - - Percolation - (a blue water flow) Infiltrating water that is not held in the soil is called gravitational water, because it trickles down, or percolates, down through pores or cracks under the pull of gravity. Sooner or later gravitational water encounters impervious layer of rock or dense clay. It accumulates there completely filling the space above he impervious rock this water is called groundwater. and its upper surface is the water table.
        
        Layers of porous material through which groundwater moves are called aquifers.
      - Recharge -
        
        Underground Purification
- - - - Tapping More Groundwater - This is an option however by 2030 it will not meet the worlds means for developing countries. Water recharging the groundwater is increasing become polluted. chemicals and fertilizers.
        
        Desalination Plants - concerns on impacts on its high use of energy and its effects to fish. Two technologies are used in this process (microfiltration, or reverse osmosis and distillation. Although this is an option it limited to nations and people that can afford it. As well would be limited and not effective for high value crops like green house flowers or vegetables.
        
        Using less water, conservation is the best impact for now. Average person in the U.S. uses 100 gallons a day. If indirect uses where added (especially irrigation) the figure would be 1,100 gal a day per person in the U.S.
        
        Agriculture is the largest consumer of freshwater. 40% of the worlds food is grown in irrigated soils, which produce 100-400% higher yields than traditional farming. When irrigation water is applied by traditional flood or center pivot systems, 30-50% is lost to evaporation, percolation, or runoff. Surge flow can cut water use in half. (periodic use of water using computers.
    - - Enhance Soil Water Retention
- - - - 3. E - Horizon - In many soils, the next layer is the E Horizon, where E - stands for Eluviation - the process of leaching (dissolving away) many minerals due to the downward movement of water. This layer is usually paler in color than the two layers above it.
        
        4. B - Horizon - This layer is characterized by the deposition of minerals that have leached away from the A and E horizons, so it is often high in iron, aluminum, calcium and other minerals. Frequently referred to as the SUBSOIL, the B horizon is typically high in clay and is reddish or yellow in color from the oxidized metals present.
        
        5. C - Horizon - whish is the parent material that originally occupied the site. This layer represents weathered rock, glacial deposits, or volcanic ash and usually reveals the geological process that created the landscape. The biological and chemical processes occurring in the upper layers have little effect on the C Horizon.
- - - - Cont. how do correct erosion. // Crop rotation - helps with pest control due to divers plant matter, growing cover crops - provide surface cover and other soil benefits, Contour strip cropping-different crops and different elevation. Every 3rd year with hay-plant on the fields. Cirmson Clover nitrogen fixers in soil.
        
        Biological 2. Physical 3. Chemical // A number of global soil issues, erosion, salinization, decreased fertility.
- - - - Wildlife habitat incentives program and environmental quality incentives program.
- - - - Fly Ash - powdery material rising with the flue gas.
        
        Fish with two heads in streams near this ( Education to the public, is there an Alternative way, people out of touch with the process, Government and Big Business Industry.